罪與罰北伐時期湖南地區懲治土豪劣紳中的暴力儀式

Crime and Punishment the Violent Punishment Done to the Landowners and Gentries in Hunan during the Period of Northern Expedition

張世瑛(Shih-Ying Chang)

《國史館學術集刊》 9期 (2006/09) Pp. 49-101

https://doi.org/10.7058/BAH.200609.0049

摘要

本文主要分為兩個部分，第一是法律的層次，探討北伐農運中土豪劣紳的罪名認定，在中共幹部眼中，土豪劣紳、貪官污吏或是反革命分子這三者之間的差別並不重要，最要緊的是，他們是否符合「反抗革命或阻撓革命」的罪名，這也使得北伐時期湖南地區的懲治土豪劣紳，始終擺脫不了政治審判的陰影。第二則是探討審判土豪劣紳的方式與過程，據統計至少有56名土豪劣紳是在各種群眾大會上被公開處決，這些群眾大會依性質可分為：(1)慶祝型的大會。(2)紀念型的大會。(3)抗議型的大會。(4)功能型的大會。
正是從北伐時期湖南農運的寶貴經驗上，藉由群眾公審土豪劣紳的公開儀式，初出茅廬的中國共產黨學習到了群眾暴力的表現方式，也見識到流血祭禮所帶來的無比能量，固然要鼓動保守落後的農民起來革命，誠然不是一件易事，但如果走到集體暴力的血腥地步時，就某種意義來說，共產黨的群眾動員工作，方始宣告完成。此後數十年中國共產黨在農村裡的暴力革命，無疑的都可以在北伐時期的湖南農民運動經驗裡，找到一再上演的戲碼。

關鍵字

土豪劣紳 ； 北伐 ； 湖南 ； 農民運動 ； 公審大會

並列摘要

This paper has two parts. The first part looks at the punishment done to the landowners and gentries of Hunan from the legal point of view. These people were convicted not because they had a high social status, but because they ”resisted and hindered the farmers' revolution.” In other words, they were tried politically. The second part of the paper discusses the methods and processes of the trial in the farmers' movement. Based on reliable sources, there were at least 56 landowners and gentries killed in public gatherings in public places. These gatherings include (1) celebration parties, (2) memorization meetings, (3) protests and demonstrations, (4) others.
The Hunan agricultural revolution during the Northern Expedition period witnessed the effect and power of mob violence. Young communists began to realize the usefulness of this maneuver. To arouse the farmers to revolt against the authorities was not an easy task, but to use the power of the people for this purpose was certainly far easier than thought. In the later decades, Chinese Communists put the same act on stage again and again to attain their goal to control the public.

並列關鍵字

landowners and gentries ； Northern Expedition ； Hunan ； farmers' movement ； public trials

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