由王塘南的宗性思想看晚明王學的轉折

為了抗衡末流的盛行，有別於陽明後學對於心宗的謹守，塘南首將本體論重心移置性體上，並嚴密架構出縝密的思想體系。他從作為存在根據的形上超越面獨立論性，使性體的闡發正式脫離宗主於心的王學傳統軌範。性的意義不再附顯於心，不僅從心學體系脫離出來自成其論，並且取得了第一義的地位。表現在心性關係處理上主要有三項突破性地發展：將「心即理」導向「心無內外」、「理無內外」，此其一也；改變心本位的詮釋方式，將心收攝入性學體系以確立內涵，此其二也；將心分疏為道心與人心，進而呈現為性體與知覺情識的對立關係，此其三也。藉著性的客觀色彩，強調心理結構秉受天理的道德準則客觀層面，以扶正人心片面朝自作主宰義發展的嚴重傾斜，從而強力綱紀「心」在主觀意向中被無限制誇大的偏激傾向。

關鍵字

王塘南；王時槐；良知；以性為宗；江右王門

並列摘要

In order to defy the popularity of later and decadent stage of the thought and illustrate itself from the rigidity of later studies on Wang Yang Ming about mind sovereignty, Tang Nan had placed the focus of ontology on natural essence, and he had structured meticulous system of thoughts upon it. First of all, he had reckoned the metaphysical and transcendent aspect of existence for independent discourse so that the elaboration of natural essence could be formally detached from the scope and domain sovereign to mind of Wang Yang Ming. As such, the significance of nature is no longer attached to mind so that it can be separated from mind system and turned into its own school of discourse. Besides, it has also obtained for itself the status as the original meaning. Externally, there are three of groundbreaking developments in terms of the administration of mind relationship: first, ”mind is law” is oriented to ”mind is free from internality and externality” and ”law is free from internality and externality;” second, it has changed the manner of mind-basis interpretation, and has embraced mind into the system of mind to help establish its endowment; third, mind is diverged into human mind and mind of Tao so as to demonstrate the contrasting relationship between natural essence and perceived awareness. It is through the objectivity of nature to emphasize that objective hierarch of psychological structure has naturally inherited the ethic criteria from heavenly principles, which can help to strengthen the serious bias of human mind towards unilateral development of self domination. As a result, it can effectively and powerfully discipline ”mind” within subjective inclination from slanting development towards radical approach without any limitation.