臺灣憲法變遷的憲法學考察

Constitutional Change in Taiwan

張嘉尹(Chia-Yin Chang)

《臺灣民主季刊》 3卷3期 (2006/09) Pp. 129-164

https://doi.org/10.6448/TDQ.200609.0129

摘要

本文考察臺灣憲法變遷，是從數次修憲的歷史中，梳理出其準規範性之意義何在，並且以憲政主義為本文之基本立場。本文區分了1946年的未參與之制憲、1947年至1991年的《動員戡亂時期臨時條款》與1991年至2005年之《中華民國憲法增修條文》三個階段之歷史橫軸，並且指出僅僅將《動員戡亂時期臨時條款》視為憲法破毀－違憲之修憲，將無法精確地掌握憲法變遷之現象，根據憲法類型學的分析，則可發現1947年到1991年之間，實際上是「名義性憲法」與「語意性憲法」共存的狀況，潛藏其後的是中華民國的「特殊憲法變遷」。在回歸民主憲政之後，前三次修憲主要是憲政民主化之加強，爾後則是中央政府體制的結構性調整與人民恢復憲改主體的地位，從較長時間格局觀察，乃是沿著民主正當性與國家獨立性強化的方向前進。從憲政主義角度考察臺灣憲法變遷可以發現，雖然歷經長達四十年的黨國體制與數次修憲的權力鬥爭，臺灣卻有幸邁入現代憲政主義的階段，因為社會已發展出足以支撐此憲政主義的必要條件，然而要鞏固得來不易的憲政民主體制，卻必須面對與解決當前的憲政難題，將中央政府體制予以明確化，是否進行大規模憲改則有斟酌餘地。

關鍵字

憲法變遷 ； 黨國體制 ； 憲政主義 ； 主權 ； 社會功能分化

並列摘要

This article takes a constitutionalist perspective to focus on constitutional change in Taiwan and tries to uncover its quasi-normative significance from the long term development of constitutional order. It distinguishes three periods of constitutional change: the constitution-making process without the participation of Taiwan in 1946, the period of the Temporary Provisions from 1947 to 1991, and the constitutional amendments from 1991 to 2005. This article also points out that the phenomenon cannot be analyzed more precisely if we treat the Temporary Provisions as merely ”Verfassungsdurchbrechung.” According to the typology of the constitution, from 1947 to 1991, both a nominal constitution and a semantic constitution coexisted. In fact, behind these superficial constitutional changes, a kind of ”special constitutional change” was taking place in Taiwan during the last 50 years, because of both the great change in state territory and the people governed under the ROC constitution. After the transition to constitutional democracy, the first three constitutional amendments reinforced constitutional democracy, emphasizing democratic legitimacy and representation. After that, the constitutional amendments focused on the structure of the central governmental, and the people again became the instrument of constitutional change. From a constitutionalist perspective, we can see that, after the long term party-state regime and the power struggles on constitutional amendments during democratic transformation, the necessary social conditions for real constitutionalism were finally established in Taiwan. For the consolidation of constitutionalism in Taiwan, it is necessary to reform the constitution's structure in order to mend the complicated relation between the Executive and the Legislative. However, there is still room for debate on grand-scale constitutional reform.

並列關鍵字

constitutional change ； the party-state regime ； constitutionalism ； sovereignty ； functional differentiation of society

參考文獻

李憲榮(2006)。制定臺灣新憲法的必要性。臺灣民主季刊。3(1)，1-26。

蕭高彥(2004)。國族民主在臺灣：一個政治理論的分析。政治與社會哲學評論。11，1-33。

吳玉山()。

21世紀憲政聯盟網站

E. W. Böckenförde (ed.)(1991).Staat, Verfassung, Demokratie: Studien zur Verfassungstheorie und zum Verfassungsrecht.Frankfurt am Main:Suhrkamp.