進擊的財界？試論日本經團連的政策評價機制與政治獻金的關連

The Zaikai Attack? Analysis of the Relationship between the Policy-Evaluating Mechanism and Political Donations of Japan Keidanren

鄭子真(Tzu-Chen Cheng)

《臺灣民主季刊》 13卷3期 (2016/09) Pp. 93-131

摘要

日本經團連長久以來支持自民黨，並且以實際財力進行政治獻金。當時日本面對冷戰結束和全球化時代來臨，自民黨也歷經兩次下野，啓發了經團連在全球化經濟和政治支持的轉變。本文以團體角度和公共財理論的研究途徑分析經團連的政策評價機制，藉由公共性，搭便車問題、外部性效果等釐清政策評價機制是否成功成為一種團體公共財。進一步探討該機制是否作為經團連成員的集體選擇，以及產生的外部性效果。研究發現，經團連提出政策評價機制作為團體公共財，企圖讓團體成員積極參與政治，提出選擇性誘因，以提高政治獻金的透明度、擴大政治參與、增加團體的政治影響力等。然政策評價機制運作的結果和比照整體政治獻金的狀況，發現依舊無法克服搭便車問題，也沒有促進整體政治獻金量的成長，說明政策評價機制的失敗。同時該機制運作過程中也產生兩個負面的外部性效果。一是經團連與政黨的關係，出現關係疏離與政界強勢領導等狀況，二是政策評價機制對中小企業的影響，加大財界與中小企業的隔閡、日本經濟團體的分裂、以及民主的被破壞等。

關鍵字

日本經團連 ； 政策評價機制 ； 政治獻金 ； 日本財界

並列摘要

Japan Keidanren has supported the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (LDP) for a long time, and has donated a lot of money to the LDP. In the post-Cold War and globalization era, LDP has lost power twice. This inspired the Keidanren to change its directions on global economy and political support. This paper tries to analyze the policy-evaluating mechanism of the Keidanren from a group perspective and approach of Public Goods Theory. By observing the public factor, free riding behavior, and externalities, the paper seeks to clarify whether the mechanism had been successfully converted into a public good. Furthermore, the paper explores whether the mechanism was the collective choice of the Keidanren, and what kind of externalities it brought. This paper finds that the Keidanren tried to offer the policy-evaluating mechanism to be a public good for the group, and attempted to make their members join politics actively by selecting incentives to increase the transparency of political donations, expand political participation, and extend the political influences of the group, etc. But comparing the results of the policy-evaluating mechanism and status of political donations, we find that the Keidanren still couldn't resolve the free rider issue and had not promoted the growth of political donations. This means that the policy-evaluating mechanism had failed. At the same time, the failure also caused two negative external effects. One is that the relationship between the Keidanren and political parties was moving apart and the status of strong leadership by political parties. The other is the influence toward small enterprises by the mechanism, which had enlarged the gap between the Zaikai and small enterprises, accelerated the separation of economic groups, and led to the destruction of Japan's democracy.

並列關鍵字

Japan Keidanren ； the policy-evaluating mechanism ； political donation ； Japan zaikai

參考文獻

鄭子真(2014)。論政治獻金之言論表達與政治平等—以日本《政治資金規正法》為例。臺灣民主季刊。11(3)，135-66。

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