上古漢語之真、耕合韻再探討

對於《詩經》真、耕二古韻部之通押現象，歷來有傳統的「合韻」說及「方言殊語」二大詮解觀點。本文取證《說文》並《詩》韻中跨叶真、耕二部之諧聲字及其「合韻」韻例作為研究素材，期由文字與語言間之競合現象驗證前賢諸說；同時亦觀察現代臺灣流行（閩南語）歌謠，以重新檢視《詩經》之真、耕合韻及試圖初步歸結出（古）漢語之叶韻模式。前輩學者或從方言音殊解釋兩部皆作-n 或-ng 結論，龍宇純先生雖同自方言詮解，但主張應從共時同地容有多讀考量，不必自泥作限。本文發現臺灣之閩南語流行歌謠對具鼻化韻尾及喉塞韻尾字容有頗寬緩之叶韻模式，即主要元音相同之條件下，舒、促彼此間皆可往來取叶。對真、耕二古韻部間之鼻音韻尾相異卻可叶韻或諧聲互有往來之現象，本文以為龍先生主張可從之外；亦認為某些叶韻現象或與閩南語歌謠叶韻背景雷同，是因語言合樂可歌下之特殊條件效應。

關鍵字

合韻；真耕合韻；上古音；流行歌謠；例外諧聲

並列摘要

Both “He Yun” and “Different Dialects” are two main interpretations about the rime words between “Zhen”(真) and “Geng”(耕) categories of Archaic Chinese in Shih-Ching(詩經Book of Odes). This article discusses both rime words in Shih-Ching(詩經) and irregular phonetic compounds in Shuo-Wun-Jie-Zi(說文解字) in order to probe into the reason stated by academic pioneers. We then examine the rhyming behavior in some popular songs in Taiwan. Hopefully, the essential rhyming patterns of Archaic Chinese can be discovered. This article concludes that neither different dialects nor -n and -ng finals are the most appropriate hypothesis for those rhyming words between “Zhen”(真) and “Geng”(耕) categories of Archaic Chinese. Inasmuch as the rhyming behavior in popular songs in Taiwan, we find that the rhyming types among nasal finals and glottal stop finals are broad if they have same main vowel. Thus, this article has a different view from the antecedent’s theories about “He Yun”. This article emphasizes that the rhyming phenomena and the rhyming behavior in popular songs in Taiwan come into being in a very similar way. The occurrence of them might be the result of librettos and music, which interact with each other and thus, produce a particular effect. We could apply this explanation on those rime words between “Zhen”(真) and “Geng”(耕) categories of Archaic Chinese.