《李卓吾先生評點四書笑》中的“塾師”

A Study of the Image of the 'Crammer' in "Li Chuo-Wu P'ing-Tien Ssu-Shu Hsiao"

吳俐雯(Li-Wen Wu)

《耕莘學報》 7期 (2009/06) Pp. 85-98

https://doi.org/10.29855/JCTCN.200906.0009

摘要

《李卓吾先生評點四書笑》，題為開口世人輯和聞道下士評。收錄以《四書》為題材的笑話，共一百零一則。本文分別從版本著錄、編輯體例等方面探索，以了解其流傳和成書等外圍問題；再以文本中的塾師角色為主，觀察其社會地位與形象。
塾師，是在學塾中從事教育工作的教師。在傳統社會中，被匹夫村婦視為知識精英、道德師表，具有極高的威望。但在文人筆下，其社會地位和形象卻存在著有趣的反差。作者利用大眾的反差心態、懷疑心理，使塾師成為笑話中的主角。藉講述有關塾師的笑話，描繪其學識淺陋、窮酸迂腐、夤緣為進的形象，進行為神聖脫冕的儀式，解構四書經典的嚴肅性與教師的專業性。
同時，屬士人身分的作者在作品中對塾師的譏謔嘲諷，為塾師形象脫下神聖冠冕，除藉以反映世俗的視野觀點，說明學識對塾師的重要外，此種在笑話中刻意的逾矩與戲嘲，更有知識階層自艾自憐自虐的「鏡視自我」功能。

關鍵字

李卓吾先生評點四書笑 ； 笑話 ； 塾師

並列摘要

”Li Chuo-Wu P'ing-Tien Ssu-Shu Hsiao”, which embodied 101 jokes obtained from the Four Books was compiled by 'Kai Kou Shi Ren' and commented by 'Wen Dao Xia Shi'. This article digs out the periphery issues of the jokes spreading and collecting by studying the fields of the edition and style respectively. Then, based on the role of the crammer, it portrays the crammers' social standing and image.
The crammer, who went into education in the private schools were regarded as the elite with reputation by the ordinary in the traditional society. However, the crammers' social image in the jokes was amusing and ironic contrast to the original one. The author formed the crammer as the leading roles of the jokes by making use of the public suspicion. Namely, the author purposed to destroy the crammers' professional image and to destruct the seriousness of the Four Books by describing the jokes about the ignorant, poor, bookish and creeping crammers.
The author, who is also the intellectuality, reflects the general viewpoint to emphasize the importance of the crammers' knowledge. Besides, the intentional squib and tease in the jokes is also the mirror of the self-pity intellectuality.

並列關鍵字

Li Chuo-Wu P'ing-Tien Ssu-Shu Hsiao ； jokes ； crammer