宋代職業婦女的工作與待遇－以乳母為例

Career Women's Jobs and Remuneration in Sung Dynasty - Taking Wet Nurses as An Example

鍾佳伶(Chia-Ling Chung)

《嶺東通識教育研究學刊》 7卷3期 (2018/02) Pp. 21-54

摘要

宋代婦女基於經濟因素，投入職場，擔任乳母是她們選擇的行業之一。乳母主要是憑藉其女性身體特質才能勝任。宋代乳母的工作地點多集中於士人與富戶家庭，以及收容棄嬰的社會福利機構。宋人挑選乳母重視健康與品德，任職時間短則數月，長則終老。乳母的工作內容除了哺乳，還有照顧小兒的生活起居。至於乳母的待遇，除了物質報酬之外，更特別的是，生前倍受主人家禮遇，死後亦加以祭祀，這是乳母與其他職業婦女的另一相異之處。雖然宋代社會聘僱乳母已是普遍現象，但是仍有人認為乳母的工作是犧牲自己親生的小孩，所以持反對態度。綜合而言，自宋代開始乳母的工作已走向職業化，同時對於當時的職業婦女而言，更受人尊敬。

關鍵字

乳母 ； 宋代 ； 職業婦女

並列摘要

For economic reason, women began to work, and being a wet nurse was one of their choices in Sung Dynasty. The significant difference of a wet nurse from other types of work was its physical requirement to women. Wet nurses in Sung Dynasty were mostly hired by officers, wealthy families and orphanages through agency. Good health and morality were the requirements for qualified wet nurses. The work contract period could range from few months to the employee's whole life. A wet nurse's job was mainly to look after children that apart from breastfeeding, she needed to nurture children to grow up healthily. A wet nurse's remuneration package included rice and money. However, due to her special job characteristics, her nurtured children would pay her respect, and even when she passed away, the children would offer her sacrifices. This was what wet nurse differed from other jobs for women. A wet nurse as compared with other career women received a higher social status and people's respect.

並列關鍵字

Wet nurse ； Sung dynasty ； Career woman

參考文獻

〔宋〕孟元老撰；鄧之誠注，《東京夢華錄注》（香港：商務印書館，1961年），卷3，〈相國寺萬姓交易〉，頁90~91。

〔宋〕吳自牧，《夢梁錄》（杭州：浙江人民出版社，1980年），卷13，〈鋪席〉，頁117。

《夷堅志》，丁志，卷4，〈王立鴨〉，頁571。

〔宋〕朱端章編，《衛生家寶產科備要》（收錄於《叢書集成初編》，北京：中華書局，1985年，據十萬卷樓叢書本排印），卷8，〈拭兒口法〉，頁116。

《太平聖惠方》，卷84，〈治小兒熱病諸方〉，頁8326。