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水稻產量、品質及抗病蟲害育種的回顧及展望

Review of Breeding Progress on Yield, Grain Quality, Diseases and Insect Pests Resistance in Rice and Its Perspective

摘要


近百年來水稻作物育種目標大致包括:1.增加產量及品質,2.增加對逆境的耐受程度,3.抗病毒、真菌及細菌病害,4.增加對昆蟲的忍受力,及5.增加對除草劑的耐抗性。而臺灣的水稻育種多年來也以育成豊產、質優及抗病蟲害品種為目標。因此,本文目的旨在回顧過去40多年來水稻在產量、品質及主要病蟲害育種的進展,以及未來的可能發展方向。傳統秈、稉稻型水稻品種,在育成改良型水稻品種過程中曾扮演重要的角色。半矮性改良型水稻品種的育成,使得水稻單位面積產量大幅增加。雜交水稻品種的育成及超級高產水稻的改良,更是未來突破半矮性改良型品種產量上限的利器。過去育種家對水稻產量改良之成效,對世界糧食增產及滿足稻米消費者需求有很大的貢獻,未來水稻產量育種的技術、策略的改進期待有進一步發展。在米質的育種上,米粒外觀及食用品質均受到重視,近年來亦有專注於低顆粒澱粉含量為育種目的者。由於民眾對養生意識的日益高漲,未來將會朝向對人體健康營養有幫助的品種發展,諸如富含維他命A、微量礦物元素(鐵、鋅等)及thiamine以外之氨基酸品種的育成,是指日可待的。在抗病蟲害的育種方面,除了繼續利用傳統育種技術累積更多抵抗性因子以增強對稻熱病、白葉枯病及褐飛蝨的抗性外,生物科技的應用亦將逐漸成為主流,如何利用遺傳工程技術加速育成抗性強而持久的稻種會是努力的目標。綜合來說,水稻育種的未來展望是成熟生物科技與傳統育種技術的相互配合,藉以育成產量更高、品質符合消費者、碾米業者或加工業者需求、並兼具持久抗病蟲性的水稻品種,以滿足人口增加對糧食的需求,而能夠提供人體健康營養成分來源的水稻品種,也會是市場上亮麗的新星。

關鍵字

水稻 產量 米質 抗病蟲害 育種

並列摘要


In the last 100 years rice breeders have tried to incorporate the following traits into rice plants, namely, the increased yield and quality, tolerance to environmental stresses (i.e., salinity, extreme temperature, and drought, etc.), resistance to diseases (i.e., viruses, fungi, and bacteria, etc.), tolerance to insect pests, and resistance to herbicides. The same goals were carried on for rice breeders in Taiwan. This paper tries to review breeding progresses in rice yield, grain quality and major diseases and insect pests resistance/tolerance in the past 40 years and to foresee the perspective of the future improvement for these traits. In yield improvement the traditional rice varieties have been used as parental materials successfully in the development of semi-dwarf high yielding varieties which doubled rice yield compared to their parents and have triggered the green revolution. The hybrid rice developed in mainland China increased 10-20% yield production and made a breakthrough of yield ceiling of currently planted varieties. The super rice or ideal plant-type variety proposed by Japan, IRRI and China can also improve the yield. For breeding of high quality rice, superior grain appearance, good taste, and low amylose content were the focal points. Recently, the development of healthy and high nutritional value varieties has also been emphasized to meet the demand of food in developing countries. In the breeding program for resistance/tolerance to disease and insect pests, traditional techniques will continue be used to incorporate more resistant genes for durable type of varieties, especially to leaf blast, bacterial leaf blight, and brown planthopper. The transgenic plants using modern biotechnology incorporated with Bt, Xa21 and other cloned genes are other approaches in developing resistant/tolerant varieties. In order to feed the increasing world population, rice varieties with higher yielding, better quality and durable resistance traits developed through genetic engineering and traditional breeding methods are to be expected in the market. High nutritional value varieties are another alternative in the future.

被引用紀錄


施昱全(2017)。台農82號誘變系與台灣栽培稻抗稻熱病基因座之定位〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU201703478
林鋐穎(2009)。邁向水稻半糯基因Du8之定位選殖〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2009.03134
陳正昇(2009)。以分子輔助選種導入hd1、Hd6和ehd1抽穗期基因至水稻越光品種〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2009.03063

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