臺灣優質水稻栽培之環境挑戰與因應措施

Environmental Challenge and Strategy for Quality Rice Culture in Taiwan

盧虎生(Huu-Sheng Lur) ； 劉韻華(Yun-Hwa Liu) ； 中央氣象局第三組農業氣象科(Agrometeorology Section of Central Weather Bureau)

《作物、環境與生物資訊》 3卷4期 (2006/12) Pp. 297-306

https://doi.org/10.30061/CEB.200612.0002

摘要

自從1900年代初期日本有計畫引進稉型水稻栽培後，至今臺灣地區水稻栽培90%以上為稉型品種。一般而言，稉型水稻適應於溫帶環境，一年一作，全生育期140日以上，生育期間以日射量充足、日夜溫差大之環境為佳。其穀粒之有效充實期長，充實期平均氣溫25度以下，產量高而米質外觀及食味優良。與此等條件相較，臺灣位處亞熱帶，受夏季颱風季節影響，每年分兩季栽培，一、二期稻作生育環境迥然不同，但栽培相同類型品種，生育期間溫度高，日夜溫差不大，日射量不高，穀粒充實速率快而有效充實期相對縮短，終至各期產量與品質皆未臻理想。文獻預估未來臺灣地區更將遭遇夜溫上昇、溫差縮小、日射量下降之不利趨勢。臺灣大學農藝學系植物生理研究室整理臺灣各地區1990年以來16年之氣象環境特性，分析出各地區一、二期稻作之栽培環境特質，並據以推論其對各區域水稻品質之影響。又基於溫度及日照強度對水稻栽培的重要影響，本報告進一步以近年來生理及分子生物之研究結果，分析溫度及日照強度對稻米品質形成的影響，說明低白堊質良質稻米形成的安全環境。文中並歸納臺灣各栽培區域面臨的環境挑戰並提出栽培及育種上可能的因應策略。

關鍵字

水稻 ； 品質 ； 環境

並列摘要

Japonica type rice has been cultivated more than 90% of the rice planting area in Taiwan, since it was introduced to the Island in the early 1900's. Geographically japonica type rice distributes mostly in temperate zones, and is physiologically adapted to the temperate climate. With tropical cancer across its southern area Taiwan locates in the subtropical region. And it is the lowest latitude area where japonica type rice is dominantly cultivated. Thus, the subtropical climate is challengeable for the cultivation of japonica type rice in Taiwan. In addition the subtropical warm climate is also detrimental to the quality of japonica type rice. Improvement of rice grain quality is the primary focus in Taiwan. In the current report, we reviewed climate conditions which are suitable for the culture of good grain quality, including temperature and radiation. Based on the climate data from 1990 to 2005, we analyzed annual fluctuation of temperature and radiation for seven regions of Taiwan, and summarized potential climate challenges for growing quality rice in these regions. Possible strategy in cultural practice management and breeding are also proposed.

並列關鍵字

Rice ； Quality ； Environment