從語意內涵及方言對比試析華語多義助動詞「要」的功能分布

Disambiguating Mandarin Polysemous Auxiliary YAO^4 with Distinctive Features and Contrastive Dialectal Analysis

許婷婷(Christina Ting-Ting Hsu)

《華語文教學研究》 10卷1期 (2013/03) Pp. 1-30

摘要

華語助動詞「要」的功能主要有三種：欲求情態、義務情態、以及表鄰近未來（immediate future）；三者雖來源相關但卻隨其語意語法特徵的不同而分布相異，因此得以違反形－義對應原則在共時平面上用「要」的形式並存。本文中我們主要以「動態力」理論（Force Dynamics, Talmy 2000）中主語上的正反作用力為區辨性特徵、以各功能之主觀化程度與方式的不同為輔助條件、並對照閩南語情態助動詞「愛」與「卜」的發展脈絡與分布限制，來探討華語助動詞「要」之各功能的分工與互補。我們發現，由於「愛」與「卜」的功能在華語由「要」囊括，因此後者的解讀需較多限制與提示，亦即「動態力」與主觀化的概念會對「要」的辨義更有幫助。

關鍵字

助動詞 ； 欲求情態 ； 義務情態 ； 主觀化 ； 動態力

並列摘要

Mandarin polysemous auxiliary yao^4 (要) involves three main semantic functions: volitive modality, obligative modality, and immediate future, which are closely interrelated in diachronic development and synchronically complemented with each other regarding semantic and syntactic distributions; those distributional significances enable the three polysemous functions to be represented by one shared form yao^4 (要) without causing misinterpretations from the violence of form-meaning correspondences. In our study, it is found that the presence or absence of the two force-dynamic features [+F] (reacting force) and [-F] (counterforce) (based on Force Dynamics, Talmy 2000) on the grammatical subjects can help distinguish the multi-functions of yao^4 (要). Furthermore, varying degrees or types of subjective involvement in the completeness of propositional meanings are beneficial in disambiguating the polysemous usages of yao^4 (要) as well. In particular, to make the distributional patterns of yao^4 (要) clearer, the dialectal analysis of the two modal auxiliaries ai^3 (愛) and beh^4 (卜) in Southern Min were added to do comparison with the behaviors of polysemous yao^4 (要); the result showed that while arbitrariness are reduced in Southern Min because the functions of polysemous auxiliary yao^4 (要) are divided by ai^3 (愛) and beh^4 (卜), there need to be more distributional restrictions or conversational cues for Mandarin users to elicit adequate interpretations of the multi-functional yao^4 (要); therefore, the notions of Force Dynamics and Subjectification (Langacker 1990) could be more useful in disambiguating the functions of yao^4 (要) in Mandarin.

並列關鍵字

auxiliary ； volitive modality ； deontic modality ； Subjectification ； Force Dynamics

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