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從整體性的觀點與“一體兩用”的思惟理路,重建張橫渠的天人合一論

A Construction of Chang Tsai's Theory of the "Harmony of Heaven and Man" from a Position of Wholism and the Logic of "Two Functions in One Substance"

摘要


本文作者從整體性的觀點與「一體兩用」的思惟理路,在內聖之學的論述領域裡重建橫渠的天人合一論(涵括天道觀、人性論、修養理論)。在作者的理解之下,橫渠的天人合一論是一個心物一本、天人合一、心性氣合一的整體理論,由此可同時展現橫渠所擴展之整體性的存有視域與生命境界,以及爲人性挺立心性道德的主體性,而迥異鈴以唯心唯物二元對立或以心性主體性爲判率來評判橫渠之學爲「氣本論」或「天道觀」的現代設釋。 作者首先把握貫串於橫渠之天道觀、人性論與修養論之間,所表現出一個一貫的思惟理路:「一物兩體」或「一體兩用」的辯證思惟理路。再者,在作者整體性的觀點鋪陳下,橫渠建構了一個虛氣相即、神化一體的本體宇宙論。接著,橫渠總合了一個兼顧人性之本然、應然與實然面向,亦即兼具天地之性與氣質之性的人性論。最後橫渠建構了一個由心性主體以窮理盡性、盡心成性、誠明感通人性與天道的修養論。 在作者的理解之下,橫渠「天人合一」的整體理論具有充分的現代意義。他所開創之虛氣相即、神化一體的本體宇宙論,不僅展現出一個具有物理空間廣度與心靈精神深度的存有學與世界觀,可以成爲包容一切物質存在與精神存在,即心物合一的存有理論基礎;橫渠所建立的人性論與修養論,更爲現代社會面對全球性的資本物質主義與消費后俗文化的氾濫,嘗試提供一個足以貞定人性孚嚴的價值理論與自我之生命實踐的途徑。

並列摘要


Chang Tsai (Chang Heng-ch'ü,1020-1077) is one of the pioneers of the scholars of Confucian in the Sung, Ming dynasties. His thinking is based on the Confucian tradition, especially on the Book of Changes, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Analects and the Mencius. Differing from the position of Materialism and Idealism, the author of this paper studies Chang Tsai's theory of the ”Harmony of Heaven and Man” from a position of wholism. This paper deals with three maior philosophical issues, namely, onto-cosmology, humanism, and moral philosophy, on each of which Chang Tsai has much new ideas to say with his logic of ”two functions in one substance” (一體兩用). In opposition to the Buddhist doctrine of Emptiness (空) and the Taoist doctrine of Nothingness (無), Chang Tsai identifies the Vital Force (氣) with the Great Vacuity (太虛) Onto-cosmologically. In humanism, although Chang Tsai accepts the theory of Mencius that man is by nature good and the moral subjective seeks after the virtues of the human life is possible, he goes further to provide an answer to the persistent moral problem of the source of evil by defining his two key notions: the Physical Nature (氣質之性) and the Nature of Heaven (天地之性). In moral philosophy, Chang Tsai says that the great benefit of learning is to enable one to transform his physical nature himself. When moral principles and human destiny are united in harmony, they will be preserved and abide in principle. For Chang Tsai, the Way of Heaven and the Way of Man are unitied in harmony through Enlight-enment (明) and Sincerity (誠). In the conclusion, the author evaluates Chang Tsai's theory of wholism presents his profound insight in expanding the horizon of on-tology and promoting the spirit level of human life.

參考文獻


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