天台圓教之哲學意義

本文藉康德之以批判哲學為唯一哲學之義，以指出哲學之本懷，即在建立一普遍無諍的哲學體系。本文之分析指出，康德的批判哲學體系固然可以超出經驗主義與理性主義之局限，而建立超越哲學，但此超越分解的方法卻囿於排他性而不能不生起諍訟，因而不能完成普遍哲學之理想。本文進而論證，西方哲學家的普遍哲學的出路是建立東方哲學之圓教。圓教之基本義理是通過判教的方式，消融一切義理體系為一大教。天台宗之判教與圓教為哲學界提供了一個模型。天台圓教以各佛經均為佛說之法，表面之不同或相矛盾實由於因時因地因人而作不同的宣示，基本上都是指引眾生成佛。此是佛之本懷。因此，沒有一經可廢，而由判教融納各宗派於一圓教之大系統中。此一模式明顯有進於西方哲學界之以互相排斥為建立系統的方式。因此，可由天台之圓教取向見出哲學必歸於圓教之完成，亦是體現哲學家之本懷的唯一出路。本文並以唐君毅先生之圓教系統如何實現使儒家與佛家能相喻的例子，說明圓教可以平視諸大教派，而且使各大哲學體系皆可以結合為一體。本文最後更顯示圓教有超於西方哲學之偏向觀解的進路，而重實踐之體現。圓教最終以生命為依歸，以實現生命之脫離無明、回歸自然、安身立命，如此方為圓教之為教的本義，亦是哲學所應有的本義。

關鍵字

圓教；天台宗；康德；唐君毅；牟宗三

並列摘要

In this paper, I start with an exposition of Kant's saying of his transcendental philosophy as the only philosophy to show that it is the dream of every philosopher to build a universal philosophy for all. Though Kant's transcendental analysis surpasses both empiricism and rationalism, it is still limited in its exclusive tendency to downgrade all other philosophical systems and thus could not be a round teaching that embraces all philosophical systems.I try to show that the dream could only be reached through the establishment of an oriental round teaching. I employ Tiantai Buddhism as a paradigm to show how through a method of differentiation of the meanings of different Buddhist sutras and various schools in Buddhism to accommodate all sutras and schools into a grand round teaching system. The basic idea is that all sutras are the expressed concern of Buddha to enlighten people to reach Buddhahood. This model could be extended to all philosophies and each system of philosophy could be placed in a proper place without contradiction with each other. I introduce as an example Professor Tang Chun-I's philosophy to show how his system could resolve the contradiction between Confucianism and Buddhism through a round teaching where no particular system is regarded as the only teaching and all connect with all as a whole body of teaching.Finally, I argue that the analytic approach of the west must step up to a non-analytic and practical approach, so that philosophy could gain its intrinsic meaning to be a response to life's request for unity, tranquility and prosperity.

並列關鍵字

Round Teaching ； Tiantai Buddhism ； Kant ； Tang Chun-I ； Mou Tsung-san

參考文獻

Kant, Immanuel、Ladd, JohnTrans.(1965)。The Metaphysical Elements of Justice: Part I of the Metaphysics of Morals。Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill Educational Publishing。