普世倫理與宗教對話：以儒佛二家為例

宗教原是教人為善、為解除人類苦難而來，但歷史上，宗教戰爭之慘烈卻常發生，此一疑謎不但要面對，也要根絕。世界倫理是朝向解決的努力。了解此疑謎之基本原因是解答問題的基礎。本文藉唐君毅先生之分析建立宗教對異教徒之視為邪惡分子而來，如一宗教能以修行者之主體價值為主，個人生命為不可踰越的底線，則可消弭種種宗教戰爭。如果每一宗教重視所提供的生活常軌的道德規範，則不但可得到共通的中層倫理守則，更可調和宗教間的差異，使各宗教能和平共存，根絕宗教戰爭的出現。要達到此理想，建立共同的世界倫理是一起點，但必須進而使宗教之間互相了解融通，方是可望成功解決此疑謎的重要手段。本文檢討孔漢思、史威德勒與劉述先提供的世界倫理的反省，以見出他們對世界倫理的貢獻與限制。本文進而論述宗教對話的兩種方式，即外部式的對話與內部式的對話。本文主張內部式對話方可建立宗教之間的互容、差異之判準和調整宗教內部之教義，以趨向和平共存和融通。

關鍵字

普世倫理；宗教對話；內部式對話；儒家；佛家

並列摘要

Religion is for the liberation of human suffering, but religious wars were very often some of the most cruel and bloody ones. This paradox is the one we have to face and eradicate for ever. Global ethic is an attempt to solve this paradox. Understand of the paradox is the necessary first step to its solution. Professor Chun-I Tang argues that it is mainly due to the fact that religious heretic is usually regarded as devil. He proposes that if religion could value the subject of practice and the individual life is the baseline of moral action, we may hope to dissolve all sorts of religious wars. Since every religion provides a moral code for normal living, we would have a common set of middle principles which would be a way for the settlement of religious difference and oppositions and would let religions live peacefully together. Hence, to solve the paradox of religious wars, we need to build a common world ethic and promote inter-religious dialogues. This paper examines the contribution of reflections on global ethic by Hans Kung, Leonard Swidler and Shu-hsien Liu as well as their limitations. Finally, this paper tries to show how a kind of intra-dialogue between religions could take place to overcome the abyss of difference and an initial dialogue between Confucianism and Buddhism is taken as a paradigm case for example.