衝動性之概述II：行為分析取向

A Description of Impulsivity II: Behavioral Analysis Approaches

何孟洋(Meng-Yang Ho) ； 許嘉芬(Chia-Fen Hsu)

《臨床心理學刊》 4卷2期 (2009/12) Pp. 68-85

https://doi.org/10.6550/ACP.200912_4(2).0001

摘要

目的：「衝動性」是生活中常見的現象，也是許多精神疾患的主要特徵。然而，衝動性是一個籠統且多樣化的概念，其所涵蓋的行為特徵相當廣泛。目前學界對此概念的定義，很難達成一致的共識，實有必要針對各種觀點進行整理與探討。方法：本文針對行為學派對衝動性的定義與研究結果進行回顧，並描述相關的實驗派典，以期能闡明當下行為取向的進展與限制。結果：過去有關衝動性的探討，多以人格特質相關的理論為基礎，利用自陳式量表為工具進行研究（相關的典範，已另文撰述）。除此之外，尚有學者試圖以行為學派的觀點另行定義衝動性。以行為學派的觀點而言，衝動性主要可分為兩大類別：「行為抑制」與「延宕滿足的耐受性」。其所憑藉的工具，均以動物及人類的行為實驗為主。近年來，由於神經科學領域的興盛，企圖結合神經生物與行為兩大領域的嘗試，從未間斷過。其中，有關衝動性的神經生物基礎的探討，於九十年代也隨著這股熱潮，而漸獲基礎及臨床研究人員的重視。結論：目前國內在臨床心理領域仍較缺乏相關議題的探討。我們期待，藉由本文的敘述，能或多或少引起國內臨床心理學界對此取向的注意，甚至於能引發更進一步的研究或發展。

關鍵字

衝動性 ； 冒險性 ； 行為抑制 ； 延宕增強 ； 機率增強 ； 跨時選擇

並列摘要

Objective: Impulsivity is a common feature in daily lives. It is also a major characteristic of many psychiatric disorders. However, impulsivity remains to be a general and variant concept and can entail a wide range of behavioural characteristics. A consensus about the definition of impulsivity has been proved difficult to reach across academic societies. Thus, it is essential to focus on each specific approach with a detailed review of discussion.Method: The present article reviewed the definitions and research outcomes proposed by the behavioural analytical approaches. The relevant experimental paradigms were described; and their progress as well as limitations were discussed.Results: In the past, impulsivity has been regarded as the province of personality traits, which is often measured or studied by self-reported questionnaires (the models were described in the other review). In contrast, other researchers have proposed alternative definitions of impulsivity based on a behavioural approach. According to the behavioural accounts, the so-called impulsivity can be classified into two major categories: ”havioural inhibition” and ”tolerance of delayed gratification”, based on animal and human experimentations. Following the recent advances in neuroscience, the attempts to bring neurobiological and behavioural research together have never been interrupted. Along with this trend, the studies of the neurobiological bases of impulsivity have gradually attracted attention from the researchers in basic and clinical sciences since 1990s.Conclusion: The discussion of these related issues has been scarce in clinical psychology in Taiwan. We hope the present article can call for attention to this specific approach, or even facilitate further research and development in clinical psychology in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Impulsivity ； Risk taking ； Behavioural inhibition ； Delayed reinforcement ； Probabilistic reinforcement ； Inter-temporal choice

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