愛爾蘭“單一選票讓渡”的選舉制度

Ireland's Electoral System

李憲榮(Shane Lee)

《台灣國際研究季刊》 4卷4期 (2008/12) Pp. 1-19

摘要

愛爾蘭選制的全名爲「以複數選區、單一選票讓渡制達成比例代表制」。其基本精神和邏輯是尊重政黨的比例代表性，採用複數選區，訂定最低當選票數，由選民就候選名單自由圈選優先順序不受政黨限制，並將當選之外的剩餘票依選票上的優先順序分配給其他候選人，使選票不至於浪費。表面上是很複雜的制度，其實複雜只在計票過程，計票由選務機關處理，選民只要圈選候選人，所以不會困擾選民。其優點是讓渡機制可使選票浪費降到最低，且政黨比例代表性高，比所有「先驅得點」制的國家高出許多。對比例代表制最大的詬病是它會使小黨林立，政治不穩定，但和歐洲比例代表制的國家相比，愛爾蘭只是一個溫和的多黨制國家。愛爾蘭多黨制並未造成政黨紀律不彰、政黨結構不良。國會議員必須投入很多時間和精神做選區服務，主要是其政治文化使然，愛爾蘭的選民並不認爲和選制有太大關係。

關鍵字

比例代表制 ； 複數選區 ； 最低當選票數 ； 剩餘票 ； 讓渡機制

並列摘要

Ireland's electoral system is named ”Proportional Representation by Means of the Multi-member Constituencies Single Transferable Vote, or PR-STV.” The fundamental spirit of this system is to uphold the principle of proportionality in the election results. Under the system, each electoral constituency has multiple seats and each seat has to acquire the ”quota.” The voter is allowed to freely mark his/her preferences regardless of the party line. Once a candidate acquires the quota the surplus is transferred to other candidates in the order of preferences. The complicatedness lies only in the counting process of the votes without troubling the voter. This system minimizes waste of votes while maximizing the proportionality of seats and votes. This system gives Ireland only a mild case of multi-party state. It has not caused Ireland problems in party discipline or structure. Many members of the Dail Eireann spend an excessive amount of time and effort in the constituency, but this has been more related to Irish political culture than the electoral system.

並列關鍵字

propositional representation ； multiple seats constituencies ； quota ； surplus ； transferable votes

參考文獻

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Boland, John.(1991).Dail Can Only Be Reformed If TDs Are Liberated from Multi-seat Constituencies.Representation.30(111),42-43.

Bowler, Shaun(eds.),Bernard Grofman (eds.)(2000).Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press.

Bowler, Shaun,David M. Farrell.(1991).Voter Behavior under STV-PR: Solving the Puzzle of the Irish Party System.Political Behavior.13(4),303-320.