馬克思的烏托邦－他心目中共產主義理想下之新人類與新社會

The Marxian Utopia: His Evolving Idea of Future Communist Man and Society

洪鎌德(Lien-Te Hung)

《台灣國際研究季刊》 6卷1期 (2010/03) Pp. 117-142

https://doi.org/10.29800/TLSQ.201003.0005

摘要

本文歷數不同時期的馬克思對共產主義之不同詮釋。青年馬克思(1843-44)的共產主義是人異化的克服、人本主義與自然主義的合一。成年的馬克思(1845-48)則醞釀所謂的「唯物史觀」，留意生產方式的變遷。他強調未來共產社會是私產取消與分工排除的全人、無階級自由逍遙之田園生活。這種說詞引發當代學者不同的詮釋與批評。中年馬克思主張之共產主義爲打破階級對立與社會分工，他並且大肆抨擊資本主義體制。及至巴黎公社事件之後，馬克思美化公社爲工人的政府，爲接近共產社會的人之自主與自治。其後馬克思提出資本主義向共產社會過渡之無產階級專政的主張，這是他初階的共產社會。至於高階共產社會，則達致各盡所能、各取所需。此種雖算高瞻遠矚，但也帶有秘思色彩與宗教精神的神秘力量，故此，馬克思對未來共產社會的見解也可算是一種的烏托邦。

關鍵字

哲學共產主義 ； 科學社會主義 ； 唯物史觀 ； 巴黎公社 ； 哥達綱領批判

並列摘要

At different stages of his life, Marx expressed variant ideas of communism. According to him, the changing perspectives of new man and society, the future communism, evolves from a philosophic character into an assertion of scientific necessity. While applying his materialistic conception of history of human society, he stresses not only the interpretation of the world, but the change of it through critical and revolutionary practices. Subsequently, the future society reveals to him a community of no-class, de-alienation. Further, the treatise discusses his later view on Paris Commune and visages that Marx's gradual declination of talking about a future, utopian communist society. To sum up, Marx's vision of an ideal future society is the one where all men's free development depends on each person's free and rounded development. It is the accomplished humanism at the end of human pre-history. It implies tacitly some religious and mythical elements of his thought.

並列關鍵字

Philosophical communism ； scientific socialism ； Materialistic conception of history ； Paris Commune ； utopia

參考文獻

Buber, Martin,Hull, R. F. C.(trans.)(1958).Paths in Utopia.Boston:Beacon.

Carver, Terrell(1998).The Postmodern Marx.Manchester. UK:Manchester University Press.

Kernig, Claus D.(ed.)(1973).Marxism, Communism and Western Society: A Comparative Encyclopedia.New York:Herder & Herder.

Kernig, Claus D.(ed.)(1973).Marxism, Communism and Western Society: A Comparative Encyclopedia.New York:Herder & Herder.

Kumar, Krishan(1987).Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Time.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.