司法院大法官法律保留原則違憲審查標準之探究：兼評工作權相關釋憲案例

Exploration on the Standards of Judicial Review Concerning the Principle of Legal Reservation in the ROC Constitutional Court

陳怡如(Yi-Ju Chen)

《人文社會學報》 4期 (2005/12) Pp. 123-148

摘要

「違憲審查理論」乃在探討司法機關審查立法決定是否違憲的正當性為何，「違憲審查標準」則在探討不同的法律規定應建立何種寬嚴程度不同的認定標準，而前者乃為後者之前提。違憲審查理論雖可為司法機關審查立法決定是否違憲之舉，尋求正當化的理論基礎。惟司法機關對立法決定之介入，不論是在矯正「代議失靈」，或在捍衛「更高的立法」（憲法），抑或是維持權力部門間的「動態平衡」，仍需面對其應予介入的程度及界限為何之課題，一旦逾越此界限，其仍無法取得正當性基礎。足見此等介入程度及界限之釐清，實與違憲審查理論息息相關，而此即為違憲審查標準所欲探討者。本文即以法律保留原則違憲審查標準作為研究主題，並以工作權相關釋憲案例為例，據此重新檢視以為說明，透過經驗性的建構以及實然面與應然面的反覆檢視，期能立基於人權保障的觀點，尋繹出一套較具客觀性、可預見性之違憲審查標準，提供釋憲實務予以參考。

關鍵字

違憲審查標準 ； 授權明確性原則 ； 法律明確性原則 ； 法律保留原則

並列摘要

Not every freedom and right is protected in the same way in the Constitution. The physical freedom of the people is stipulated in detail in Article 8 of the Constitution, in which those rights reserved in the Constitution shall not be limited even by the legislative authority, whereas freedom and rights under Articles 7, 9-18, 21 and 22 may be limited by the law upon meeting the conditions stipulated in Article 23 of the Constitution. The determination of which freedom or right shall be regulated by law or by rules authorized by the law shall depend on regulated intensity. Reasonable deviation is allowed considering the party to be regulated, the content of the regulation, or the limitations to be made on the interests or freedom. This study attempts to explore the standards of judicial review concerning the principle of legal reservation that have been applied in the ROC Constitutional Court, and tries to analyze Judicial Yuan Interpretations concerning the right to work in terms of the principle of legal reservation.

並列關鍵字

the standards of judicial review ； the principle of explicit authorization ； the principle of clarity of law ； the principle of legal reservation