Current Trends of Housing for the Elderly in Japan

日本老人住宅新趨勢

大原一興(Kazuoki Ohara)

《台灣老年醫學雜誌》 1卷3期 (2006/02) Pp. 151-158

摘要

目前的日本已從『高齡社會』邁入『超高齡化社會』。過去十年間，雖然日本政府對老人住宅方面已經投入相當多的措施，目前正面臨轉捩點。在日本目前有許多分散的高齡私人住宅。為了提昇一般住宅的品質，日本政府部門曾頒布『迎合高齡社會的住宅規劃指導方針』。從2000年四月起實施的「介護保險法」中，衰弱老人的房屋改造制度已被建立，同時這種需求正不斷地增加。大多數老年人對於晚年時包含居家服務與居家照護的個人照護需求感到憂心忡忡。集合式住宅的老人住民要求服務機構能在同一棟建築物內。新型的住宅也因應而生（例如，銀髮公寓、照顧住宅、團體家屋、等）。在這種情況下，老人住宅開始採取營造舒適氣氛如同住家的傾向。即使如護理之家也正嘗試改變成含括小家庭規模的住宅。群體生活並非一個機構而已，而是一種必須考量迎合各種不同類別需求的老年人的住宅。這種體制將成為未來老人住宅規劃型態的主流之一。目前已有一種稱之為『Takuroujo（宅老所）』的老人照顧設施出現。日本政府已決定撥款支持這種住宅方案。這種設施是一種以社區為基礎，同時鼓勵一些地區性活動的小型在地化的照顧組合。這種設施模式預期能提供當地居民包括日間接送照護、喘息照護、護理照護及團體家屋。供應類似如此的中途之家與更富彈性的設施卻無法歸類於一般住宅與前述福利機構有其必要。

關鍵字

老年人 ； 高齡社會 ； 超高齡社會 ； 老人住宅 ； 群體生活

並列摘要

Now Japan is becoming a ”super-aging society” beyond an ”aged society”. During last decade, there have been launched considerable political measures on the housing for the elderly, but the turning point is coming. There are many private detached houses of elders in Japan. In order to upgrade the quality of ordinary houses, ”Guidelines of Housing Design” devised to cope with aged society was announced by the government/ministry. From April, 2000, under the Long-Term Care Insurance Law, house adaptation system for the frail elderly was set up, and the needs of it have been increasing. Most of elderly people feel anxious about the future as they need personal care including home help services and care. Elder residents of collective housings want to reserve the service facility in the same building. New types of dwellings have also been developed (senior housing, care house, and group home,…etc.). Based on these recently, the old people's houses begin to be considered a higher value with the comfortable atmosphere as their homes. Even nursing homes are reorganized into small houses with home-like scale. The group living is not an institution but a house probably to suit for all variety of elderly people. The scheme, as a new type of dwelling, will become one of the mainstreams of housing for the elderly. There are new trials of elderly-care setting so-called ”Takuroujo” which means home-like place for the elderly. The government has decided to support ”Takuroujo” trials with some budgets. The facility is a community-based small local care complex, which also encourages some kinds of local activities. The model of the facility supposed to deliver care services to the local people which are Day service, Respite care (short stay), Delivery nursing and Group living (house). Like these, to supply the intermediate dwellings and flexible facilities, which are not categorized into general houses or former welfare facilities/institutions, is required.

並列關鍵字

elderly ； aged society ； super-aging society ； elderly house ； group living