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Diversity of the Alpine Vegetation in Central Taiwan Is Affected by Climate Change Based on a Century of Floristic Inventories

台灣中部高山植物之植物歧異度受氣候變遷之影響

摘要


由於台灣地理位置、地形及棲地的變化造成豐富的植物歧異度,從過去百年及現今的植物調查,特別是在中央山脈的合歡山地區,我們得以了解植物的組成。在合歡山地區分為四個高度帶,即2,000 ~ 2,500 公尺、2,500~ 3,000 公尺、3,000 ~ 3,500 公尺及3,500 ~ 3,950 公尺,以了解其植物的組成,並選擇新人崗(2,250 公尺)、石門山(3,000 公尺)、合歡山東峰(3,500 公尺)及合歡山主峰(3,500 公尺)的樣區(10×10 公尺),分別調查其植物組成,並由其數據計算其 α、β、γ 及辛普森(Simpson's)歧異度指數以比較上述研究地之植物歧異度。其結果顯示 α、β、γ 植物歧異度隨海拔高度之增加而遞減。但在新人崗實驗地,其 α 歧異度隨年代而增加,辛普森指數隨海拔高度亦遞減,顯示氣候對合歡山地區的植物歧異度有顯著的影響,從百年來的紀錄分析得知,在合歡山地區有16個物種會往較高的海拔移出;7個物種留在同一海拔高度帶。在阿里山地區則有7個物種移出,4個物種留在同一海拔高度帶;在玉山地區則有15個物種移出,5個物種留在原海拔帶,但至少有6種因移出的高度太大已超越3,950公尺,故可能會滅絕。此結果顯示,若全球暖化發生於台灣則台灣高山植物將會有遷移的現象,會有相當多的物種往更高的地區移動,最後導致至少6種植物種的滅絕。

並列摘要


Floristically, Taiwan is a very rich island due to her varied geography, topography and habitats. Through extended historical research involving past and present botanical inventories of the central mountains, particularly of the Hehuanshan area of Taiwan, we are now able to examine the floristic composition of four elevation zones, 2,000-2,500 m, 2,500-3,000 m, 3,000-3,500 m, and 3,500-3,950 m. We selected four study sites, namely Shinjenkan (SJK) at 2,250-2,585 m, Shihmenshan (SMS) at 3,000 m, Hehuan East Peak (HEP) at 3,401 m, and Hehuan Major Peak (HMP) at 3,408 m, and determined their α, β, and γ diversities along with their Simpson's diversity indices. Our results clearly showed that the species richness (α diversity) was significantly high and decreased as the altitude increased. Coincidently, Simpson's diversity index at 2,250 m was significantly high at 0.85, drastically decreased to 0.17 at 3,145 m, and continued to decrease to 0.10 at both sites at 3408 m. On the other hand, by comparing plant distribution data collected over a century for the Hehuanshan, Alishan and Yushan areas, we were able to predict that plants would migrate mostly from a lower to a higher elevation when the global temperature increases. For instance, in the Hehuanshan area, 16 species would move towards higher elevations and seven species would remain in their original zone. In the Alishan area, seven species would migrate and four would remain in their original zone, and in Yushan, 15 species would migrate out of their zone and five would remain. Of all of the species, at least six risk extinction, since their expected migration would take them far beyond the limits of the land available above 3,950 m. It is concluded that the alpine vegetation will be redistributed, many plant species will move towards a higher elevation and, eventually, at least six plant species (Anaphalis morrisonicola, Artemisia morrisonensis, Swertia randaiensis, Hypericum nagasawai, Angelica morrisonicola, and Cirsium arisanensis) will become extinct.

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