日本地芝居之文化觀：埼玉縣秩父郡小鹿野町小鹿野歌舞伎的藝能、職業、食文化

日本傳統藝能歌舞伎中，有一種名叫「地芝居」的演出形式。地芝居與職業演員的演出不同，它是由當地居民所參與的演出。琦玉縣秩父郡小鹿野町的小鹿野歌舞伎，被視為「全體居民的地芝居」，是種地域性很強的藝能活動。例如小鹿野町鐵炮祭的主要內容有：三番叟（祈神舞蹈）、山車遊行（祭祀彩車）、御立神事（在槍砲聲中驅趕神馬的儀式），以及小鹿野歌舞伎的演出。本文以小鹿野歌舞伎作為一種文化如何影響村落生活進行研究，得到以下結論：一、小鹿野歌舞伎是由身體的動作以及服飾的色彩等多種精緻的技術構成，但在分配腳色時，卻很重視町內的人際關係，觀眾會以肢體不協調或是即興的演出為樂趣，這可當作怪誕寫實主義的一個重要事例來看；二、小鹿野町雖然仍保有狩獵的風俗，但由於鐵炮祭的主題為祈禱狩獵的豐收，所以在歌舞伎的公演前禁止吃肉。另外，在歌舞伎的練習結束後會聚餐喝粥，這是此地曾經有徹夜聚餐的風俗遺留。地芝居的聚餐過程中，小鹿野的居民會互相交流有關藝能、職業及飲食文化等民俗風；三、小鹿野歌舞伎的各個戲劇演出會被視為兒童或是新進演員的通過門檻。此外，戲劇的選擇也與居民身邊所發生的事有關。小鹿野的居民們積極參與地芝居，在小鹿野這個地方，地芝居被定位成重要的人生禮儀。

關鍵字

地芝居；小鹿野歌舞伎；村落文化

並列摘要

Kabuki is not only performed by the professionals, but also performed by the local inhabitants. In this study, I examined the Ogano kabuki and how it influenced the village by the aspects of physical culture. 1. In Ogano kabuki, there are elaborate techniques of body move, body painting and etc. On the other hand, relationships among inhabitants are reflected to the cast which played in Jishibai. As a result, audience enjoys the mismatch of the role. I interpreted this case as an important example of the grotesque realism. 2. Eating meat is prohibited before Jishibai is going to be performed (though during the Jishibai period hunting is held in Ogano). Also, ＂Okayu＂ is eaten after the practice of kabuki. This is the remaining of ＂Naorai＂ which is held all through the night. Through ＂Naorai＂, information of traditional play, subsistence and food are exchanged among people. 3. Initiation is also thought in each program. Moreover, select of the program is deeply influenced by inhabitant's circumstances. They accept Jishibai aggressively, and think that this performance has a character of important ritual in the community.