老年心理學研究回顧：從心理社會發展論到現象心理學取向，兼論臨床心理上的應用

Literature Reviews on Aging Psychology: From Psycho-Social Development View to Phenomenology Psychology Approach in the Clinical Applications

李宛霖(Wang-Lin Lee) ； 林耀盛(Yaw-Sheng Lin)

《臺灣老人保健學刊》 9卷2期 (2013/12) Pp. 94-108

摘要

本文以文獻回顧，探討老人心理學研究進程，進而延伸臨床心理學上的應用。首先，指出老人心理學研究逐漸受到重視，但可能忽略老人主體經驗。過往的心理社會發展階段，預設老人的絕望與統合任務，落入將老人標籤為「失能者」或「成功者」的陷阱。其次，敘事取向研究，以「後現代」觀點省思老化現象，旨在社會脈絡探討老化的自我認同。但如此觀點，產生「反思自我」等同「自我認同」的危機，忽略老人的反思察覺力。第三，現象學可提供另種視野，同時兼顧老人的多面向性和連續性，關注於老年者生活世界，開展以全人視域理解老年者的置身所在。最後，未來研究觀點，一方面透過接應老者的現象世界，呈現其獨特性。另一方面，以照顧自己與關心他者的雙重型態，透過照顧倫理行動，理解老者的存有特性。

關鍵字

老人 ； 心理社會 ； 敘事 ； 現象學心理學

並列摘要

The literature review is to examine the aging psychological process research and the clinical practice. First of all, we pointed out that psychological research has shifted attention to the elderly recently, but it may ignore the subjective experience of the elderly. Psychosocial stages of development in the past, default the life cycle of old man's despair and integration struggle tasks, may label them as disable or successful subjects in stigma. Second, narrative approach from ”post-modern” view on aging is aimed at discussion in the social context of self-identity. But it may run the risk to think ”reflective self” as ”self-identity”; the problem is neglect of perceived consciousness and awareness ability for the elderly. Thirdly, from phenomenological psychology, it offers another perspective, focused on elderly person's life-world and their living situation through the holistic perspective to disclose the understanding horizon for the elderly. Finally, future research agenda should encourage the researchers to encounter the elderly face-to-face, thus can understand the uniqueness of the elderly on the one hand. On the other hand, when demonstrating the duality of caring is meant to self-care and take care of the other, we can adopt the ethical act to care for the elderly in their life context. Through the approach, we can discover the aging meaning is the phenomena of existential concern. The clinical implications are discussed.

並列關鍵字

Elderly ； narrative ； phenomenological psychology ； psycho-social