思無定契與理有恆存：《文心雕龍》的文思與文術

《文心雕龍．總術》所云「思無定契，理有恆存」顯示出劉勰對於創作中思維活動與文章法則之間關係的基本認識。劉勰認為，文章具有普遍永恆的法則，其本原出於道。作品符合文章法則才具有價值。聖人的思維與文章的法則是完全契合的，因而聖人的文章就是經，是後人的典範；一般作者的創作思維卻沒有固定的法則，不僅有個人的差異，即便同一人亦有狀態之區別，其思維活動不必然符合文章法則。在創作中，思維與法則成為一對矛盾。如何使作者無定的思維活動符合有定的文章法則，是《文心雕龍》的中心議題之一。劉勰主張，作者應該研究掌握文章法則，用文章法則引導規範思維，使思維符合法則。但在劉勰，法則依然是外在於思維。到宋人提出「妙悟」說，思維與法則達到內在的統一，法則成為思維的內在形式，這是思維與法則關係理論的新進展。

關鍵字

文思；文術；文心雕龍

並列摘要

Literature has permanent rules which rooted in the Way, Liuxie argued, works are valued according to the rules. The thinking of Sages accorded perfectly with literary rules, their works as Classics are the models of all time; the thinking of writer has not a fixed way, does not follow the rules necessarily. So it is the central topic how to make the unfixed thinking of writer accord with the rules. Liuxie maintained that writer should study and master literary rules, and let the rules guide the thinking in the creation process, but the rules are still outside the thinking in Liu’s discussion. In the discourse of ”Enlightenment” put forward in the Song Dynasty, the thinking and rules syncretize inherently, rules become the inner law of thinking. This is the new progress in the theory of relation between thinking and rules.