美國澳洲亞洲各國整復推拿人力來源與管理模式

目的：探求世界各國有關整復推拿的人力來源與管理模式，作為台灣設立中醫傷科輔助人員新職業的參考。材料與方法：從圖書出版公司、中國期刊網、CEPS網路學術公司、網頁、報紙醫藥版搜尋各國有關推拿、按摩、整脊、教育、制度、損傷、運動傷害、中醫傷科、民俗療法等字彙的資訊，分類整理有關人力來源與管理制度。結果：美國整脊師的證照制度最嚴謹，需四年醫科訓練、四年整脊專科訓練。澳洲學校提供按摩課程，或可參加各協會所提供之課程並註冊為會員，及接受續進修教育。在澳洲若完成政府承認的學歷，可以取得輔助治療師或按摩治療師的頭銜。中國於1985年南京中醫學院針灸系設立推拿專業。1986年上海中醫學院成立中國大陸最早之推拿系。西元2000年中國設置保健按摩師國家職業標準，分初級、中級、高級三個等級。南韓僅有韓醫師及第三醫學醫師能運用韓醫學為病人進行物理療法(包括按摩推拿)。民間之推拿人員則有「韓國姿勢健康均整協會」組織，從事推拿指壓與足底按摩之工作。日本培養推拿師的學校經2～4年的在校學習後即可參加國家舉辦的「行醫資格考試」，領取針灸或推拿的許可證。馬來西亞於2005年底已培養多批正統中醫推拿師。其課程為126學時，每年定期開設兩班，可將大多數師徒制之中醫推拿師合法化。馬來西亞衛生部也已經同意將「中醫推拿」及「足部按摩」歸納為技職教育。泰國每年除了在學會或分校開辦相關訓練課程，也在國立醫學大學或職業訓練學校授課，讓有志成為泰式按摩師的人有一個專業學習環境，學生結業後由醫學學會頒予證照。新加坡中醫推拿師的標準是最低中醫大專以上學歷，在正規醫療機構中醫骨傷推拿科、或康復科從事中醫推拿教學或臨床10年以上。香港與澳門各大學中醫藥學院開設「兼讀制推拿證書課程」供推拿專業人士進修學分並經考覈取得推拿證書。香港尚未將推拿業務納入專業註冊範疇。澳門中醫推拿業務則由澳門政府衛生及社會事務政務司管理。結論：亞洲各國與美澳等國都有計劃培養消除肢體損傷與倦怠的專業人員，教育制度與管理模式並尚未滿意，但是都有進行性的改善。

關鍵字

推拿；人力來源；管理模式；教育；制度；美國；澳洲；亞洲

並列摘要

Objectiv: To explore the manpower sources and management modes of the whole country in the world for rehab and massage, as a reference for setting up a new job of traumatic assistant staff for Chinese medicine in Taiwan. Materials and methods: By Keying Vocabulary related to massage, Chinese massage, chiropractic, education, system, injury, sports injury, TCM traumatology, folk remedies etc. from book publishing companies, China Journal Net, CEPS Online Academic Company, web pages, search of relative message ,classification and sorting of sources of manpower sources and management system. Results: American chiropractic certification system is the most rigorous, requiring four years of medical training, four years of spinal chiropractic training. Australian schools offer massage courses or enroll in courses offered by associations and register as members, and receive further education. In Australia if you get the government recognized qualifications, you can get a assisted therapist or massage therapist title. Acupuncture and moxibustion Department of Nanjing Traditional Chinese Medicine set up a professional massage in 1985, China. Shanghai college of Traditional Chinese Medicine set up the earliest Chinese Department of Tuina in 1986. In 2000, China set the national occupational masseur health care professional standards, divided into primary, intermediate, advanced three levels. Only Korean doctors and the third medical physician in South Korea can use Korean medicine to perform physical therapy (including massage and Tuina) for patients. Non-governmental massage personnel have the ＂Korean posture health uniform Association＂ organization, engaged in massage acupressure and foot massage work. Japanese schools that nurture massage teachers can attend state-sponsored qualifying exams after 2 or 4 years of schooling and receive a permit for acupuncture or massage. Malaysia has trained more than one batch of orthodontic traditional Chinese Massage masters at the end of 2005. The course is 126 hours, with two regular classes each year, which can legalize most masters of traditional Chinese massage. The Malaysian Ministry of Health has also agreed to include ＂Traditional Chinese Massage＂ and ＂Foot Massage＂ as technical and vocational education. In addition to conducting training courses every year in academic societies or branch campuses in Thailand, it is also taught at the National Medical University or Vocational Training School to provide a professional learning environment for those who wish to become Thai massagists. Students are certified by the Medical Association upon graduation. The standard of Traditional Chinese Massage master in Singapore is the minimum of Chinese medicine college degree or above, which is more than 10 years in traditional Chinese medicine unit at traumatology Chinese medicine, or rehabilitation subjects. Hong Kong and Macau Universities Faculty of Chinese Medicine set up a ＂part-time mastery certificate course＂ for massage professionals to obtain credit for further studies and assessment. Hong Kong has not yet incorporated the massage business into professional registration. The traditional Chinese massage business in Macao is managed by the Macao government department of health and social affairs. Conclusion: All countries in Asia and the United States and Australia have plans to train professionals to eliminate limb injuries and burnout. The educational system and management model are not yet satisfactory, but all have been improved.