從人文教育論孔子思想特質的繼承與創新－以《論語》爲中心談起

From The Humanist Education to Study the Inheritance and the Innovation of Characteristic of Confucius' Thought- Based on LunYu

劉玉菁(Yu-Ching Liu)

《明道通識論叢》 6期 (2009/05) Pp. 113-128

https://doi.org/10.6954/MJGE.200905.0113

摘要

人文教育是以人文主義的精神和理想來指導的教育，目標在於培養每個人都能是具備優秀健全的人格，以及在各種領域中（尤其是政治）皆有傑出表現的「完人」。本文以《論語》爲探討的文本，從「人文教育」的觀點來研究孔子思想特質中的繼承性與創新性。嚴格來說，孔子並沒有在西周貴族教育之外提出全新的思想範疇，而是對西周王官之學的某些舊範疇作了新解釋。例如孔子將「君子」的內涵道德化，強調人人皆可爲君子，對人的向善向上潛能給予高度肯定；雖重視尊卑，但孔子強調學習資源不應壟斷，故主張有教無類；孔子重視學習，認爲學而優則仕，不過仕必待有道；又如孔子重視禮樂之教，但他亦提倡「君子不器」的通才理想，多才多藝是人人皆可，此爲人的各方面潛力得到啟發的必然結果。總之，孔子溫古而知新，他能因應大時代的變革，汲取傳統資源提出一套有創新色彩的人文教育，這樣的教育理想歷久彌新，值得現今的教育省思與學習。

關鍵字

人文主義 ； 人文教育 ； 孔子 ； 創新 ； 繼承

並列摘要

The humanist education is the education which is instructed by spirit and ideal of humanism, the goal of humanist education is to cultivate everyone who can have outstanding and sane personality, as well as in a variety of field (politics in particular). This study is based on LunYu and adopts the view of ”Humanism” to observe and discuss that inheritance and innovation of Confucius' thought characteristics. Strictly speaking, Confucius had not certainly proposed the brand-new thought category beyond the noble education of Western Zhou Dynasty, however, he had made new explanations to some old categories of aristocratic learning of Western Zhou Dynasty. For example, Confucius turned the gentleman into the person of noble character and integrity, he emphasized that every all could become gentleman, he offered great affirmations to potentail of keeping forging ahead. Although Confucius valued superiority of inferiority, Confucius paid much attention to sharing the learning resources, therefore Confucius advocated that a teacher who teaches all comers without discrimination. Confucius valued learning, he considered that one should to be an officer after gets achievements from study, but one should to be an officer until it is the traditional society .Furthermore, Confucius emphasized ritual and music, he also advocated a ideal of talented person, everyone cam be multi-faceted, which is a inevitable result if everyone is able to develop his potential. To sum up, Confucius gained new insights through restudying old material, he could respond the change of the tomes, and got a set of new humanist education, This ideal of education does not equal pale ink, which is worth making a self-examination and learning for our education today.

並列關鍵字

Humanism ； Humanist education ； Confucius ； innovation ； inheritance