論中國神話與民俗中的負面女神

負面女神的產生，源自於滅亡、殘酷、受制、無力感等與生命存在有關的負面感知。這些負面的心靈感受，透過黑暗、秋冬、深淵、戰爭等象徵被表現出來，復與宗教意識、心理原型進一步結合，遂形塑出擁有顛覆生命之強大威能的負面女神。本文首先例舉中國神話與民俗中所見的負面女神，以印證此一女神群體的存在，並以母性體驗與宗教心理為線索，探討背後作為形成背景的恐懼意識。其後運用符號學肖似記號、指號、符號三分法，嘗試析分所舉負面女神的類型，包括：1.以「肖似死亡之具象符號」為標記者：居於冥山的泰山女神、執掌賣地卷與地下有關的女青。2.以「指向死亡原因之具象事物」為標記者：司天之厲及五殘的西王母、握有肅殺秋氣的青女。3.以「代表死亡現象之抽象符號」為標記者：統合陰性力量的六陰玉女與九天玄女。負面女神本為女神文化中較被忽略的面向，如今透過本文的探討，可以略知負面女神如何透過生命恐懼意識產生，又如何反過來以其存在，及宗教信仰活動，安頓了民眾對生命負面現象的恐懼。

關鍵字

負面女神；母性；大母神原型；女性神話；生命思維

並列摘要

The goddess cults originating from reproduction worship are also regarded as mother goddesses who possess the power to determine birth and death. The deities later diverged into goddesses of light who brought blessings and dark goddesses symbolizing death. Whether there were also death-associated dark goddesses portrayed in Chinese mythology, has been little probed. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze a lineup of dark goddesses in myths and folk cultures through an understanding of the embodiments of evil power such as death, war, pestilence, darkness, etc. Those goddesses that represent images of horror in titles and positions include the deity of war, Xuan-Nu; the death deity, Tai-Shan Goddess; Nu-Qing, who diffuses creepy touches of death in snow lands; the constellation deity, Liu-Yin-Yu-Nu; and Mo-Mu, considered the former Fang-Xiang-Shi, the exorcising deity, etc. While their backgrounds and duties overlap with those of the Si Wang Mu, her status as a major deity may be deduced by comparing the aforesaid deities with this goddess of light.