華南糧作的配角－以古籍史料所現清代臺灣的麥作為論述中心

The Supporting Role of Food Crops in Southern China: The Cultivation of Barley and Wheat of Taiwan in Qing Dynasty Based on Historical Materials

吳憶雯(Yi-Wen Wu)

《中正歷史學刊》 18期 (2015/12) Pp. 33-65

https://doi.org/10.6747/CCUHISTORY.201512_(18).02

摘要

「北麥南稻」為中國傳統農業文化的特徵，大體反映了米、麥兩大糧食作物，在中國地理空間的分布情況，並且可資窺見植物生長的天然條件及限制。然而，筆者近年翻閱《明清臺灣檔案彙編》時，偶見「二麥」之記載，亦在清代臺灣的史籍文獻中見到，方知被合稱為「二麥」的大、小麥，很早就在臺灣留下栽種的紀錄。只是，現今的人們受到後來日本統治與戰後美援的歷史印象所影響，乃直覺認為臺灣的「麥作」和麵食文化，與殖民、西化和眷村有關，難以料想到二麥是跟隨漢人先民從原鄉而來。本文的目的在於透過古籍史料的耙梳，追尋二麥的蹤跡，並逐一解答偏處華南海域的臺灣何以種麥？何時開始種麥？臺灣何處種麥？二麥栽作在臺灣的農業社會中，又是扮演著何種角色等種種問題。為使論述聚焦，研究範圍將以清領時期的臺灣西部為主。並以探究臺灣麥作的起源，及麥作與臺灣人民社會生活的關係，為兩大論述軸心最後，本文耙梳史料所得的結論，可歸納出以下幾點：（一）麥作隨著漢人移民到了臺灣；（二）臺灣南端仍受氣候限制，二麥種植的南界大約在今日臺南的安平一帶；（三）17世紀的臺灣已有麥作的紀錄，但一直到清代移民在臺灣長居久留之後，二麥成為輪作的配角之一，提供農業社會因勢制宜，且更多元性的選擇。

關鍵字

華南 ； 清代臺灣 ； 大麥 ； 小麥 ； 輪作

並列摘要

Distribution of food crops in traditional Chinese agriculture is mainly affected by climate. It has become a feature that the main planting types of food crops are wheat in northern China and rice in southern China. People would think that the cultivation of barley and wheat and the culture of wheat food in Taiwan started from the early 20^(th). Because of this agricultural feature and other historical factors such as the modernization of agricultural reform during Japanese Colonial Rule, The U.S. Aid, the Post-War agricultural policy in Taiwan, and the food culture of military dependent villages, it seems incredible that the cultivation of barley and wheat might exist early 17^(th) in Taiwan. The purpose of this article is to answer questions like when and where barley and wheat were first planted in Taiwan, how and why they played a role in Taiwan’s agriculture based on the historical materials such as official records, folk documents, etc. In conclusion, this article suggested that (1) Chinese carried barley and wheat from mainland China to Taiwan traced back to 17^(th), (2) the south planting boundary line of barley and wheat is around Anping District in Tainan City due to the climate, and (3) with Chinese migrated and settled down in Taiwan, barley and wheat gradually became a part of the cultivation rotation.

並列關鍵字

Southern China ； Taiwan in Qing Dynasty ； barley ； wheat ； cultivation rotation

參考文獻

《岸裡大社文書》（臺北，國立臺灣大學圖書館整理）AL00025，〈通事潘輝光立招贌耕字」（1773 年）〉。

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