論保護弱勢群體的特殊衝突規則與涉外強制性規定－以日本《法律適用通則法》為例

日本《法律通則法》總結《法例》的不足，借鑒歐洲經驗，於第11條、第12條分別規定了針對消費合同和勞動合同的特殊衝突規則。對消費合同的意思自治原則進行限制，賦予消費者表達適用其慣常居所地強制性規定的主動權，立法新穎但保護效果有待考證。以否定列舉的方式界定“被動消費者”，擴大了消費合同的範圍，反映了對消費者和商家之間利益平衡的重新調整。對勞動合同採用了最密切聯繫規則，以應對千差萬別的個案。《法律通則法》未對涉外強制性規定進行規定，從側面體現了立法者對過度保護弱勢群體的反思，同時明確了針對弱勢群體的特殊衝突規則適用原則。

關鍵字

法律適用通則法；弱勢群體；消費合同；勞動合同；涉外強制性規定

並列摘要

The latest Japanese General Rules on Applicable Law (ab. General Rules) learn from European legislation, eg the Rome Convention and Rome I, regulating special conflict of laws, article 11 and 12, concerning consumer contract and employment contract separately. Article 11 renders consumers the initiative to choose the mandatory rules of his/her habitual residence as the applicable law by limiting the range of party autonomy, which is quite novel but to be verified. It expands the range of consumers by listing the ＂negative consumers＂, in order to rebalance the interests between consumers and business operators. Given all kinds of different situations, article 12 regulates the principle of ＂close connection＂ on employment relationship. There is no article concerning mandatory rules in General Rules, which addresses the difference between mandatory rules and special conflict of laws.

並列關鍵字

General rules on Applicable Law ； disadvantaged groups ； consumer contract ； employment contract ； mandatory rules

參考文獻

日本司法部網站 http://www.moj.go.jp/

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亞太人權信息中心 http://www.hurights.or.jp/

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Finocchiaro, Giusella(2003).European Law and Consumer Protection in the Information Age.Information Communication Technology Law.12(2)

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Kanzaki, Tadashi(2012)。jurisdiction over consumer contracts and individual labor-related civil disputes。Japanese Yearbook of International Law。55

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Kawaguchi, Yasuhiro(2009)。The enactment of significance of the financial instruments and exchange act in japan。Japanese Yearbook of International Law。52

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論保護弱勢群體的特殊衝突規則與涉外強制性規定－以日本《法律適用通則法》為例

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