〈宮之奇諫假道〉與〈燭之武退秦師〉之比較探析－以人物形象、談辯技巧、辭令特色為例

A Comparative Study of "Kun Zi Chi Suggests to Borrow Ways" and "Chu Zi Wu Defeats the Army of Chin Kuo," Takes Characters' Image, Debate Skills, and Colloquial Features for Examples

卓惠婷(Hui-Ting Chuo)

《馬偕學報》 7期 (2009/07) Pp. 49-85

https://doi.org/10.7061/MJ.200907.0049

摘要

《左傳》繼《春秋》後，是研究春秋歷史的重要史書，具史學價值。其書敘事委婉詳盡，文筆簡潔明暢，為先秦時代歷史散文的名著，往往成為後世史學家與古文家師法的楷模。出自《左傳》之〈宮之奇諫假道〉與〈燭之武退秦師〉二文，同是以簡潔精鍊之離間文字，而傳達出宏瞻富麗之思想面貌，體現《左傳》剪裁有序，取捨精當，文約事豐之特徵。流傳至今日，二文在各大專院校的國文讀本，一直以來皆是熱門選文，故吾人在此將兩者加以較論之，使在校學子能深入瞭解其內容意蘊與要旨，更進一步對《左傳》之精華，能有所體悟。因此，本文試圖從文史學、語用學的角度觀之，首先針對諸侯各國外交活動發展之外緣背景進行考察，探究春秋辭令得以產生、發展的因素，不啻是與諸侯邦國利益之維護有關，更是春秋士人頗受重視的社會文化現象。此議題也涉及本文所闡述的對象，擇舉宮之奇、燭之武二人說辭藝術的高度展現，即為委婉曲折，含蓄深遠；邏輯縝密，層次井然；語言犀利，氣勢沛然之特色。其次，將《左傳》所記載有關辭令之情形，概要陳述。再者，比較〈宮之奇諫假道〉與〈燭之武退秦師〉二文，內容上有關人物塑造之形象、談辯技巧及辭令特色之三大面向，深入全面進行挖掘、分析與統整，並於文中舉諸家之說，諸如明清迄今各朝之評議，充分加以印證之。藉此二文較論之探賾，旨在凸顯二篇史實中的人物表現與其歷史定位。正是因為他們精彩的辭令表達，尤對歷史上諸侯小國危機權變之處理，足以牽動國際局勢的演變，以及各國爭霸成敗之意義，佔有決定性之因素存在。總之，二文同是《左傳》一書中的名篇佳構，皆為先秦時代頗具代表性的散文作品，具有相當重要的文史價值，值得現今學子們再三細研玩味。

關鍵字

《左傳》 ； 〈宮之奇諫假道〉 ； 〈燭之武退秦師〉 ； 離間文字

並列摘要

”Zhuo Zuan” is the most important book to study the history of Chun Qiu Dynasty, and it has some historical values. The narration is full of euphuisms and the writing is quite fluently. In addition, it is the best instance for prose of Pre-Chin Dynasty, and it sets an example of orthodoxy for some literalists and historians. These two stories, ”Kun Zi Chi Blames Borrows Ways” and ”Chu Zi Wu Defeats the Army of Chin Kuo” are conveying some of the most spectacular formations and crucial writing techniques, and they also show the aspects of abundant historical features and writings.This article aims to analyze in historical and colloquial perspectives, and at first they focus on the development of diplomacy for some feudal territories. And they depict some features of diplomatic languages among these feudal territories. Second, These two stories represent some personages' characters and show how they figure out their difficulties for diplomacy. Moreover, these two stories indicate the meanings of success and failure in political hegemony, and some important factors for national diplomatic policy. Finally, I hope it would be beneficial to the study of ”Zhuo Zuan” and I try to articulate some specific writing techniques and evidence of historical values.

並列關鍵字

"Zhuo Zuan" ； "Kun Zi Chi Borrows Ways" ； "Chu Zi Wu Defeats the Army of Chin Kuo" ； diaspora writings