違憲審查程序種類之比較研究－憲法訴訟的法理辯證與制度選擇

Comparative Study of Procedures and Types for Judicial Review-Legal Argument and System Choice of Constitutional Litigation

李建良(Chien-Liang Lee)

《東亞法學評論》 1卷1期 (2010/03) Pp. 35-56

https://doi.org/10.29432/EALJ.201003.0004

摘要

憲法將違憲審查權託付予司法院大法官，對於憲法優位性的確保，採司法保障模式。憲法優位性的維繫，意指建立民主及分權體制，保障人民的基本權利，並提供有效的權利救濟。惟在民主原則與權力分立原則之聞並不存在上下位階。從民主原則的觀點出發，將具有直接民意基礎的立法機關所制定的法律，交由僅具聞接民主正當性的司法機關審查其是否違憲，即可能衍生出諸多憲法上的爭議，例如憲法審判權的行使是否會讓政治的重心從（隨時受民意監督的）「民主國會」朝向（不受民意監督，但享有身分保障的）「司法機關」傾斜？違憲審查制度是否會影響民主政治的有機運作，導致國家政務的「固化」？等。換言之，違憲審查能否肆應民主憲政的動態性格，乃至契合於憲法對政治經濟及社會發展的開放規範取向，厥為憲政主義在實踐上的根本課題。職是，本文擬從憲法優位、民主原則與權力分立的交錯關係出發，探討違憲審查及憲法訴訟的制度選擇，並進行相關法理的比較辯證，藉供法律研修與實務運作的參考。

關鍵字

違憲審查 ； 民主原則 ； 權力分立 ； 司法院大法官 ； 憲法解釋 ； 暫時處分制度

並列摘要

Justices of the Judicial Yuan in Taiwan are entrusted the power of judicial review by the Constitution. For ensuring the constitutional primacy, judicial guarantee model is adopted. The maintenance of the constitutional primacy refers to the establishment of a democratic and decentralized political system to safeguard people’s basic rights and provide effective right remedies. However, there is no hierarchy between the democratic principles and the principle of separation of powers. From the point of view of democratic principles, giving laws enacted by the legislature, which based on direct public opinions, to the judiciary, which only has indirect democratic legitimacy, to review its constitutionality may cause a number of constitutional disputes. For example, whether if the exercise of constitutional jurisdiction makes the political center incline from democratic representation, which was always supervised by public opinions, towards adjudication, which are not supervised by public opinions but have status protection? Will judicial review system affect the operation of democratic politics and lead to the ”solidification” of the national government affairs? And so on. In other words, whether judicial review can accommodate to the dynamic character of the democratic constitutional regime, and then fit in the open specifications orientation that the Constitution holds towards the politics, economy, and social development. This is really the fundamental issue of the practice of constitutionalism. Therefore, the article will start from the interrelationships of the constitutional primacy, democratic principles, and the separation of powers to explore the choices of judicial review system and constitutional litigation system, and then compare and authenticate the related legal arguments for the reference of legal research and pragmatic operation.

並列關鍵字

Judicial Review ； Democratic principles ； The separation of powers ； The Justices ； Constitutional interpretation ； Temporary punishment system