國際身心障礙運動分級：是科學嗎？

International Classification in Disability Sports: Science or Not?

吳昇光(Sheng K. Wu)

《身體活動與運動科學學刊》 1卷2期 (2012/12) Pp. 17-25

https://doi.org/10.29817/JPAES.201212.0003

摘要

本篇文章在於澄清身心障礙運動分級的主要概念來確認以科學證據為導向的分級實作，大部分身障運動分級制度的建立與應用需要對肢障選手執行基礎醫學評估、運動特殊性技巧、並由資深分級師進行評估。然而迄今只有少數運動分級制度經過科學驗證以證明其制度的效用，其中三種常見的研究導向來分析分級制度的成效公平：第一種方式主要使用運動科學方式（生理評估或生物力學分析）來比較特定類別肢障選手在不同等級間的特性，第二種方式主要使用運動表現分析來比較不同等級選手，第三種方式則使用來障礙類別分級比較整體成績結果，這三種研究方式的前提皆建立在選手的等級越高其能力（如：身體能力、動作及技巧、運動成績與表現）就越佳，以及沒有一種肢體障礙類別可以主導比賽的勝利。迄今大多數身心障礙運動採用功能性分級制度，但許多運動的功能分級受到批評，主因是尚未受到科學證據上的支持；因此，功能分級是科學亦或是藝術已被爭議20年。在未來方向上，大多身心障礙運動的分級實作急迫的需要更多科學證據來支持或改善之，國際殘障奧會及國際運動協會也應盡其所能來協助身障運動分級的公平性。

關鍵字

肢體障礙 ； 分級 ； 公平性 ； 成效分析 ； 科學為導向的實作

並列摘要

The purpose of this review is to clarify main concepts in disability sports and classification in order to identify the evidence-based practice in classification. Based on the needs of basic medical evaluations, sport-specific skills, and experience of senior classifiers, most classification systems for athletes with physical impairments in different disability sports were developed and used. However, only a few classification systems have been proved their effectiveness through scientific examinations. Three common kinds of research approaches have been identified to analyze the fairness of classification systems and classification outcomes. First, the sport science approach (e.g., physiological and biomechanical analysis) has been used to compare the characteristics among athletes with certain types of physical impairments in different classes. Second, the performance approach has been used to analyze the performance results in different classes. Third, the impairment analysis has been used to examine the total performance of athletes. All of approaches assumed that the higher the classes, the better the abilities (i.e., physical abilities, movements and skills, and sporting performances) and no certain types of impairments in athletes should dominate the winning pattern, Currently, most disability sports have adapted the functional classification systems hut several sports have been challenged because of not enough scientific evidence to support the functional approach in classification. Therefore, it is a debate whether functional classification is science or art for almost twenty years. In the future direction, more scientific evidence is urgently needed to improve the classification practices in most disability sports. IPC and sport federations should make more efforts to maintain the fairness of classification.

並列關鍵字

physical impairment ； classification ； fairness ； outcome analysis ； evidence-based practice