論漢朝的「統治階級」－以西漢時期的變遷為中心

漢初構成原高祖集團的淮北集團，憑藉彪炳軍功而獨占國家機構的上層，成為特殊的「統治集團」。這一統治集團以淮北地域的任俠風氣為特徵，其勢力基礎強烈依存於與支配者間形成的人際結合。然而，隨著文帝即位，熟悉北方情勢且與東方尖銳對立的代王國舊臣轉入漢朝，對匈奴政策和對諸侯王政策的重要性也隨之增加。因此漢初根源於淮北此一特定地域的政治手法，開始轉向泛地域性的價值觀，以此為基礎形成了新秩序。武帝時期在漢朝掌握諸侯王國人事權的過程中，對匈奴戰爭產生的軍功者與買官者，被大量吸收進入了漢朝的國家機構之中。漢朝支配領域的擴大與國家機構成員的人員構成變化，阻止了依存於特定出身和地域性者形成自律性的集團和階層，結果導致了君權的上升。由武帝實現的「海內一統」至西漢末穩定之後，天下的整體面貌有了再檢討的必要，由此開始了重整天下內部秩序的嘗試。成帝綏和元年實施的綬制改革即為其早期舉措。其將「大夫」身分的下限由秩六百石改為黑綬，同時將秩四百石、三百石的縣長改為黑綬，以擴大「大夫」身分的範圍。與此同時，在察舉制度、任官制度和監察制度這些規範人事的諸制度方面，也出現了與綬制密切相關的新面貌。結果，由黑綬以上官員構成的「支配層上層集團」，形成了與特定地域性無關的無地域性存在。此「支配層上層集團」正是產生於西漢末年的新「統治階級」。

關鍵字

統治階級；地域性；西漢

並列摘要

Renowned Japanese writer Natsume Soseki was not only well schooled in Japanese and Chinese classics, he also majored in English literature in university, and had translated the medieval Japanese classic ＂Houjouki＂ into English by the time he graduated. Later, in 1900, he went abroad to Britain on government scholarship to continue his study of English literature. With this educational background, finding the balance between the East and the West in literary creation naturally became one of Soseki's main concerns. This is especially prominent in his earlier works. This paper will focus on one of Soseki's earlier works ＂Sanshiro,＂ and discuss questions such as how the protagonist Sanshiro, having been born in Kyushu, came to face the modernization of a major metropolis, and how this modernization impacted the protagonist. Modernization, as portrayed in the novel, can be represented by the architecture and transportation of this new metropolis. However, one can also discuss the portrayal of modernization through the characters of people Sanshiro comes into contact with, their thoughts, and the way young men and women interact. Through this analysis, one can gain insight as to how Soseki viewed the East and the West during this time.

並列關鍵字

governing class ； regional characteristic ； Western Han

國際替代計量

論漢朝的「統治階級」－以西漢時期的變遷為中心

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