《天問》“徹彼岐社”與文王事殷史述考

＂The Removal of the Qi Shrine＂ in ＂Heavenly Questions＂ and the Historical Narrative of King Wen's Submission to the Shang Regime

曹勝高(Cao Shenggao)

《人文中國學報》 30期 (2020/06) Pp. 101-127

摘要

《天問》述商周之際的史事，言及“何令徹彼岐社”，一般釋爲“通岐社而爲太社”，認爲事在武王之時。此與所述史事順序不合，歷來未能定詁。若將此事置於季歷被囚殺、姬昌事殷、西伯受命諸事中考察，可知文王繼位之初曾率伐殷而大敗，不得不徹除岐社而奉殷祀，與殷王室通婚，再次服事商王。被任命爲西伯後，重啓岐社並受命於此，上告天帝，公开伐殷。武王即位於商太社，周公營周太社於雒，文王、武王時並無通岐社爲太社之事。从社祀制度的视角来看，《天问》中所言的廼立冢土、徹彼岐社、遷藏就岐、受命岐社，是周人遷岐、服商、自立、反商的標誌性事件。

關鍵字

廼立冢土 ； 囚殺季歷 ； 徹彼岐社 ； 姬昌事殷 ； 遷藏就岐 ； 受命岐社 ； 周立太社

並列摘要

The poem ＂Heavenly Questions＂ (＂Tianwen＂) tells of the history of the Shang and Zhou dynasties and mentions ＂why the order to remove the Qi shrine was given.＂ The line is usually interpreted as ＂changing the Qi shrine to the highest shrine [of the Zhou],＂ and is believed to refer to what happened in the time of King Wu of the Zhou (d. 1043 BCE). However, this reading is not in accordance with the chronology of history and has yet to be resolved. The content of this line may make more sense if it is dated to the time when Jili was imprisoned and put to death, and Ji Chang (posth., King Wen of the Zhou, ca. 1152-ca. 1056 BCE) submitted himself to the Shang regime to later accept the heavenly mandate and become ruler of a new dynasty. This dating shall lead to a new interpretation: at the beginning of his succession, King Wen revolted against the Shang but was defeated. As a result, he was forced to remove their Qi shrine, resume their sacrificial service to Shang's ancestors, and marry his clan members to the Shang's to show subordination. After Ji Chang was appointed Earl of the West, he reopened the Qi shrine, where he accepted heaven's mandate, appealed to the thearch of heaven, and began his expeditions against the Shang. As King Wu ascended to his throne in the Shang's highest shrine, the Duke of Zhou built the Zhou's highest shrine in Luoyi. Therefore, in the time of Kings Wen and Wu, they would not have used the Qi shrine as the highest shrine. From the perspective of the shrine sacrifice system, we find that the ＂Heavenly Questions＂ relates a series of historical events: the establishment of the shrine, its replacement and recommencement, and acceptance of heaven's mandate. These events are hallmarks of the history of the Zhou people's settlement, their submission to the Shang, independence, and revolt against the Shang.

並列關鍵字

Establishment of the shrine ； imprisonment and death of Jili ； removal of the Qi shrine ； Ji Chang's submission to the Shang regime ； restarting the Qi shrine ； acceptance of heaven's mandate ； Zhou's establishment of the highest shrine in Luoyi

參考文獻

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方詩銘、王修齡:《古本竹書紀年輯證》。上海:上海古籍出版社，2005年。

司馬遷:《史記》。北京:中華書局，2013年。

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李昉:《太平御覽》。北京:中華書局，1960年。