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論日、韓關於竹島之法律爭端

On Legal Dispute of Takeshima between Japan and Korea

摘要


竹(獨)島乃位於日本海中央之無人火山島,由東、西兩個小島和34礁嶼所組成,其中兩個主要島嶼總面績僅0.23平方公里,恰巧位於日本海寒流與暖流交會處,四周海域乃一片豐饒之漁場,海底潛藏著豐富天然油氣。日本、南韓間關於竹島之爭由來已久,是日韓之間最棘手問題之一。竹島爭端涉及島嶼歸屬、捕漁權、海洋資源等利益。本文從日、韓各本其歷史主張島嶼主權歸屬。竹島目前由南韓控制並派海軍駐守。1953年5月,日本趁韓戰正熾之際,一度進駐該島,並樹立領土標誌碑。7月,南韓鬱陵島居民組成「獨島義勇守備隊」,驅逐日本駐守戍衛。1956年,李承晚政府派出海上守備隊接管竹島,並劃出一道「李承晚線」,禁止日本漁民進入從事捕魚作業。1954年以來,日本每年都向南韓政府遞交外交抗議書,指稱竹島係日本固有領土,南韓必須撤出該島;竹島爭端對島根縣之日本民眾而言,竹島係日本被南韓長期佔領之漁場,日本漁民在該島周圍海域捕魚權利被剝奪,是漁業與經濟問題,而非民族情緒之領土及政治問題。南韓堅稱獨島是南韓領土,係日本入侵朝鮮半島之踏板,遂行殖民統治,往往會激發民族情緒。當兩國元首民調落後之際,借竹島問題以凝聚愛國情操、向心力,有助於穩定政權。竹島爭端並非攸關日韓兩國主要利益之衝突,惟竹島所有權歸屬之爭涉及主權、自然資源及國家尊嚴。日韓兩國在1965年達成關係正常化之際,曾將竹島問題擱置。從1980年起,日本及南韓之漁船在竹島附近的捕魚活動一直存在爭執。1998年,雙方同意擱置竹島主權爭議,不使竹島問題影響漁業協定之簽訂,將竹島周邊水域置於共管範圍,不在該島設立專屬經濟區,兩國船舶均得在附近水域活動。獨島危機使南韓軍方意識到有加強海軍力量之必要。自2006年以來,南韓海警開始向獨島附近增派大型艦船,增加巡邏次數,擴建獨島警備隊營地,部署新式防空武器。關於竹島,日本應避免發表刺激性言論或採取挑釁行動,而南韓應自行克制,避免激化國內之民族情緒。竹島爭端已因日本和南韓雙邊關係之改善而降溫。圍繞竹島之法律議題包括島嶼主權、領海寬度、12浬漁區、主權權利衝突、兩國專屬經濟區劃界爭議,以協議水域暫定措施,優先處理其重叠部分之捕魚權等。日本曾多次建議將竹島爭議題交國際法院司法解決,惟南韓認為獨島不只是外交爭端,而是主權問題,而主權問題攸關主要利益,不容裁判,遂斷然拒絕提交國際法院解決。日、韓之強烈立場及無意依國際法尋求國際仲裁或司法解決。兩國態度強烈顯示民族自尊心之對立意識,異乎東南亞國家重視共同開發海洋自然資源甚於民族意識之務實做法。竹島為國際法問題,亦為海洋島嶼主權涉及捕魚權、海洋資源,甚而傳統民族對立之意識,錯綜複雜之海島主權爭議,未來發展之演變有待觀察。

並列摘要


The legal dispute between Japan and South Korea over Takeshima (or Dokdo) has existed for long time. The territorial and maritime boundary dispute includes not only fisheries, oil and gas but also territorial sovereignty and national dignity, which might endanger the relationship between Japan and South Korea. South Korea insists Dokdo is part of Korean territory and has been occupied by Korea since July 1953. Japan, however, argues Takeshima is Japanese territory, and expresses its willingness to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice for settlement. South Korea adheres that the Dokdo issue is not purely a diplomatic question but also a sovereignty question and therefore refuses legal settlement. The Takeshima question is one of the most difficult problems for the two countries to resolve. It is evident that the Takeshima problem does not include vital interests, as both Japan and South Korea in 1965 did not let this issue stymie normalization of their relations. Since 1980, Fisheries have been in conflict between Japan and South Korea. In 1998, Japan and South Korea reached mutual consent over Takeshima's maritime areas, put aside the sovereignty issue and concentrated only on tackling the fishery problem. Neither side claimed its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Takeshima's surrounding maritime areas, fishing vessels with either flag may conduct their activities without interference. Legal issues include ownership over the disputed island and maritime boundary delimitation, the breadth of the territorial sea, mutual recognition of a 12-mile fishing zone, Intermediate Zone and the limit and restriction of extending EEZ at the overlapping maritime areas. So far, neither side has interest in legal settlement of the dispute, it is submitted that joint exploration and exploitation of natural resources in Takeshima's surrounding areas might be one of the options.

參考文獻


聯合報(2008/07/30)
聯合報(2008/08/01)
青年日報(2008/07/30)
(1977).Continental Shelf Boundary and Joint Development Zone: Japan-Republic of Korea.Limits in the Seas.75,12-13.
Amador, Garcia(1959).The Exploitation and Conservation of the Resources of the Sea.Leiden:A. W. Sijthoff.

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