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植物源保護製劑之研發趨勢

Current Trends on Research and Development of Botanical Fungicides or Plant Protection Products Derived from Plant Materials

摘要


植物富含許多特殊的抑菌物質如配糖體、生物鹼、萜類、酚類、鞣質、類黃酮素、皀素、單寧、香豆素等,具有特定之生物活性,可抑制多種植物病原菌,是開發植物源保護製劑或植物源農藥的材料。植物源農藥具有環境友善、符合農業永續、易於生物分解、可降低病蟲害發生、有機可用及可納入綜合管理體系之中等特性與優點,廣受研究人員青睞與投入研究。開發植物源農藥均由評估植物萃取物的抑菌效果及分析抑菌成分著手,再進行製劑研發,並評估田間病害防治之藥效。除中國大陸提出超過20種已開發的植物源農藥之外,目前國外登記用於防治植物病害的商品尚不多見,計有具廣效性的30% cinnamaldehyde之可濕性粉劑,29.2% gamma-aminobutyric acid與29.2% L-glutamic acid複合劑防治葡萄白粉病和核果類作物的褐腐病(Monilia sp.)與穿孔病(Stigmina carpophila),荷荷巴油(jojoba oil)預防觀賞植物的粉蝨和白粉病,褐藻多糖(laminarin)防治小麥白粉病,中草藥博落回1.5%水溶液作為抗病誘導劑,日本大黃可濕粉製劑(RK)防治胡瓜白粉病,虎杖(Reynoutria sachalinensis)萃取液(商品名Milsana®)防治作物之白粉病及灰黴病。而國內成功開發用於防治植物病害的植物源農藥或天然植物保護製劑計有中興100(CH 100)植物健素防治多種植物病害,乳化葵花油(葵無露)防治作物白粉病,五倍子中草藥製劑(活力能)防治作物炭疽病,以及肉桂油微乳劑(黑修羅)防治蔬菜黑斑病與根瘤線蟲等。目前實際應用天然植物成分防治作物病害的成果有限,多數研究僅局限於實驗室內的抑菌測定與溫室防病試驗階段,未來應加強評估田間的防病成效,並完備各項農藥登記應備資料,以順利將植物源農藥商品化。利用天然植物成分據以研發植物源農藥,用於防治植物病害的潛力無窮,是防治植物病害的另一新的研究課題。

並列摘要


Plants synthesize aromatic secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities against the infection of plant pathogens, such as β-glucan, alkaloids, terpinoids, phenols, phenolic acids, quinones, flavones, flavonoids, flavonols, saponins, tannins and coumarins. Those active properties of specific plant materials could be extracted by suitable solvents and be formulated into botanical fungicides or natural plant protectants. Botanical fungicides have showed some advantages with eco-friendly products, fitting the need of sustainable agriculture, easily biodegradable in environment, reducing crop diseases, useful for organic farming, easily incorporating into integrated diseases management. So that scientists put their efforts on developing the botanical fungicides. There are some steps to develop a botanical fungicide. First of all, to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of plant extracts and to analyze the active components were taken into consideration, then to develop the formulation techniques of botanical fungicides was necessary. Finally, to assess the efficiency of disease control in the field by application of botanical fungicides was also required. Up to date, just a few botanical fungicides were commercialized in the world. Exception of mainland China have released more than 20 kinds of botanical pesticides, the others of commercial products included as follows, 1) 30% cinnamaldehyde wettable powder (WP) formulation which registered and named Vertigo Wettable Powder Fungicide and Cinnacure A3005, 2) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (29.2%) and L-glutamic acid (29.2%) mixture for control of powdery mildew of grapes and brown rot and shot hole of stone fruits, 3) Jojoba oil for control of white flies and powdery mildew on ornamental plants and grapes, 4) Natural fungicide containing laminarin for control of powdery mildew of wheat, 5) 1.5% pink plume poppy aqueous solution for inducing systemic acquired resistance through accumulation of endogenous phenolic substances in the treated plants, and 6) Milsana® derived from giant knotweed was registered to control powdery mildew and grey mold. In Taiwan, at least 4 kinds of botanical fungicides or natural plant protectants were developed, such as CH 100 formulated nutrient solution, emulsified sunflower oil, gallnut Chinese herb plant protectants, andcassia oil micro-emulsifier. The limited products were registered as botanical fungicides, since most parts of researches were done in vitro antifungal activities but not in vivo control plant diseases in the field. The works should be done urgently to evaluate the efficiency in controlling the plant diseases by botanical fungicides or natural plant protectants. Once the data of physical and chemical properties as well as the toxicity of botanical fungicides or plant protectants were readily prepared, the plant protection products might be easily extended to market for the alternative needs of disease control.

被引用紀錄


陳學弘(2017)。非農藥資材防治甘藷基腐病之研究〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU201702454
賴柏羽(2017)。結合植物精油與覆膜資材對紅龍果倉儲病害之防治效果研究〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU201702377
施季汎(2015)。設施內十字花科蔬菜有機栽培之蚜蟲防治措施探討〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2015.00870
孫佩君(2016)。茉莉花油抑制葡萄銹病效果及有效成分之分析〔碩士論文,國立屏東科技大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0042-1805201714173387

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