木黴菌在作物病害防治的開發與應用

Research and Application of Trichoderma spp. on Crop Diseases Control

陳俊位(Chein-Wei Chen) ； 鄧雅靜(Ya-Ching Teng) ； 蔡宜峯(Yi-Fong Tsai)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 121號 (2014/03) Pp. 87-115

摘要

在農作物栽培過程中使用有益微生物已成為新趨勢，主要功用在於促進植物生長、減少病蟲害、增加農產品產量品質，其它功能尚包含有產生植物賀爾蒙、誘發植物抗病反應、降低土壤酸化、減低土壤鹽類累積、誘使其它有益微生物產生等。目前已有之生物殺菌劑以枯草桿菌、鏈黴菌、木黴菌及黏帚黴菌等為主，主要期能減少農作物病害及農藥殘留為主。近年來本場在相關微生物研究上已獲得若干成果，例如篩選純化出木黴菌（Trichoderma asperillum）系列菌株，並利用這些菌株研發多項農業生技產品如生物性堆肥、抑菌介質、功能性微生物製劑等，於田間運用成效顯著。這些製劑中TCT-R1稻穀菌種與作物根部共生能力強，能幫助作物根系發育，可增加移植存活率，並能除減少苗期病害與幫助作物生長抵抗逆境。結合木黴菌菌種與農業廢棄物如動物糞便、蔗渣、木屑等物質共同醱酵可產製新型生物性堆肥、抑菌介質等，除可改善堆肥介質品質外，並能誘發多種有益微生物，因其內含有大量有益微生物群如木黴菌、枯草桿菌及鏈黴菌等，可使相關產品品質穩定，並因其內所含之相關微生物可群聚作物根圈，能與植物根系共生進而促進養份吸收能力，可達到促進植物生長之目的。結合乳清蛋白、糖蜜醱酵產生的TCT-LF-N功能性微生物製劑，製作簡便成本低廉，田間試驗結果除可促進多種作物生長外，並能減少栽培期間病蟲害問題，能提昇作物產量與品質，增加農友之收益。新一代木黴菌微生物製劑結合枯草桿菌與根棲細菌等菌種所開發的複合式功能性微生物製劑與施用方法，更可防治多種病害，田間試驗已可防治甘藍黑腐病、番茄青枯病、水稻稻熱病、紋枯病及白葉枯病、蔬菜苗期立枯病、白粉病、露菌病、茄科疫病、葉黴病、灰黴病、枝枯病、晚疫病及銹病等多種病害，並能促進作物生長提昇產量與品質，使用所研發的微生物製劑除能增加農友的栽培信心外，並可改善農作物生長不良、品質不佳的缺點，對未來生物農藥的推廣將是一大利器。

關鍵字

根棲微生物 ； 功能性微生物製劑 ； 生物農藥 ； 木黴菌

並列摘要

Beneficial microorganisms used in the process of crop cultivation has become a new trend, the main functions are to promote plant growth, reduce pests and diseases injury, increase the fields and qualities of agricultural products, the other functions are contain a produce plant hormones, induced plant disease resistance, reduce soil acidification, reduce soil salts accumulate and induce of other beneficial microorganisms production. Recent years our station in the functional microbial research has received a number of achievements, such as the screening of purified strains of Trichoderma (Trichoderma asperillum), and the use of these strains developed a number of agricultural biotech products, such as bio-compost, culture-media, functional microbial agents, remarkable results in the field use. These preparations, the TCT-R1 rice strains have crop roots symbiotic ability to help root development, increase graft survival, and in addition reduce seedling diseases and help the crop to resist adversity. Combined with whey protein, TCT-LF-N functional microbial agents produced by the molasses fermentation, production of simple and low cost, field test results in addition to promoting a variety of crop, reduce pest and disease problems and the cultivation period, can improve crop yields and quality to increase the income of farmers. The new generation of Trichoderma microbial agents combined with Bacillus subtilis (BS WG6-14) bacteria, Streptomyces sp. RS70 and other species with root habitat by development of functional microbial agents and application methods, can prevent many diseases, field trials have prevention cabbage black rot, bacterial wilt of tomato, rice blast, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight, vegetable seedling damping off, powdery mildew, downy mildew, Solanaceae epidemic, leaf mold, gray mold, leaf blight, late blight and rust and other diseases, and to promote crop growth and to enhance the yield and quality, the use of research and development of microbial agents can increase the confidence of the cultivation of organic farmers, and to improve the poor growth of organic crops, low-quality short comings, these bio-agents in the future of agriculture would be a great weapon for farmers application

並列關鍵字

Beneficial microorganisms ； Functional microbial agents ； Bio-pesticide ； Trichoderma spp.