從佛經、變文到戲劇對目連救母故事之探討

The Elucidation on the Story of ＂Mu Lien Saved His Mother＂ from the Buddhist Scriptures, Bianwen, to Dramas

鄭玉鵬(Yu-Peng Cheng)

《大同大學通識教育年報》 3期 (2007/06) Pp. 79-93

https://doi.org/10.6514/TJGE.200706_(3).0005

摘要

目連本作目犍連（Maudgalyayana），意譯為「天抱」，是古代印度摩揭陀國王舍城外拘律陀村人。目連是佛陀十大弟子之一，在佛陀諸聲聞弟子之中，具有極重要的地位，被譽為神通第一。在許多佛教經典之中，都可看見跟目連有關的事蹟及記載。在重視孝道的中國，目連故事被廣為流傳，他成為家喻戶曉的救母孝子，甚至於影響了民間的習俗及信仰。這中間的轉折，經歷了數個朝代的變化，同時，在這發展的過程之中，目連的身份及故事的內涵也隨之而增飾不少並且漸漸與中國文化融合，最後形成了具有中國特色的重要民間戲劇之一。本篇即就「目連救母」的故事發展，從佛經記載到變文資料乃至民間的戲文及傳說，探討其演變之過程及其發展之差異。全文架構如下：一、前言二、佛經中的目連救母故事三、變文中目連故事的演變四、目連戲劇的發展五、戲劇中的目連故事六、結語藉由本文之探討，以窺知佛教傳入中國後，對民間戲劇、神話及信仰所造成之影響。

關鍵字

目連 ； 目犍連 ； 盂蘭盆 ； 變文 ； 戲文

並列摘要

Mu Lien, originally spelled as Maudgalyayana, which means ＂being embraced by god,＂ is a villager who inhabits Kolita outside Rajagraha in Magadha. Among the pupils that achieve transcendence through the interaction with Buddha in person, Mu Lien ranks in the top ten disciples of Buddha, possessing a high status of immense importance and being recognized for his non-to-second ability to exert supernatural power. Of numerous Buddhism classics, Mu Lien-concerned events and records are omnipresent. In China, a country famed for the emphasis on filial piety, all the anecdotes centering on Mu Lien circulate far and wide, which not only wins him a famous title as a dutiful son who rescued his mother but also influences the custom and religion of the folks. The transition of the evolution witnesses the vicissitude of some dynasties; meanwhile, during the course of the development, the identity of Mu Lien as well as the connotation of the stories accumulates plenty of embroidery and gradually fuses with the Chinese culture, which, in the long run, forms one of the fundamental folk dramas featuring Chinese flavor. Focusing on the evolvement of the story of ＂Mu Lien Saved his Mother＂ from the record of the Buddhist Scriptures, the material of Bianwen (transformative text), to the lines and legends of folk drama, this thesis will elucidate on the process and the diversity of its development. The structure of the thesis are as follows: First Chapter: introduction Second Chapter: the story of Mu Lien saved his mother in the Buddhist Scriptures Third Chapter: the evolution of Mu Lien's story in Bianwen Fourth Chapter: the development of Mu Lien's drama Fifth Chapter: Mu Lien's story in dramas Last Chapter: conclusion With the discussion of the thesis, the influence Buddhism has upon folk drama, mythology and religion, since its introduction into China, can be articulated.

並列關鍵字

Mu Lien ； Maudgalyayana ； Bianwen (transformative text) ； dramas