複雜性科學典範下的創業研究

The New Theoretical Paradigm of Entrepreneurial Research-Complexity Science Theory

蔡敦浩(Dun-Hou Tsai) ； 利尚仁(Shang-Jen Li) ； 林韶怡(Shao-Yi Lin)

《創業管理研究》 2卷1期 (2007/03) Pp. 31-60

https://doi.org/10.30132/JER.200703.0002

摘要

就創業的本質而言，具有幾個特性：1.創業涉及了繁複的歷程，包含了：創業機會的發掘與認定，資源的匯聚與配置，以及新創事業的管理與轉型。2.「創業」的過程同時受到跨層次因素的影響，在個體層次-創業家的人格特質與創業動機主導了創業的發展方向與成果，然而創業又同時受到總體層次的環境與社會因素的干擾，使得創業過程受到跨層次因素的驅動。本研究回顧了過去的創業研究，發現主要是以傳統機械觀、化約主義的理論典範來進行研究，這些研究大都聚焦於單一的分析層次，並且將創業視為一種狀態或者現象來進行研究，使得研究結論與發現難以完整地詮釋創業實務的真實樣貌。因此，本研究提出透過複雜理論觀點來進行創業研究的建議，複雜理論產生於1960-80年代興起的複雜性科學，主要挑戰了均衡觀點下的研究典範，提出了新的觀點來解析非線性動態系統中的演化歷程，為研究人類社會中複雜、動態的現象開啟了新頁，透過非線性動態系統中次序創造過程的研究探索，發展出可供社會科學研究者以更詳盡的視野來洞察人類社會的諸多現象。透過複雜理論，將創業視為一種動態演化的過程，讓研究者得以用全觀式（holistic）的角度探索創業實務中跨層次互動下所呈現出的整體模態，使得研究發現得以更貼近創業實務而能獲致更深層的意涵與洞見。

關鍵字

創業研究 ； 複雜理論 ； 複雜調適系統觀點

並列摘要

There are two characters in essence of entrepreneurship. First, entrepreneurship involves complex processes, including opportunity discovery and identification, resource gathering and allocation, and start-up business management and transformation. Second, the process of entrepreneurship is affected by meso-level factors simultaneously. At micro level, characters and motivations of entrepreneur predominates development directions and ultimate outcomes. At macro level, entrepreneurship is interfered with society and overall environment. Therefore, entrepreneurship is driven by meso-level factors. Our research reviews pass entrepreneurial studies and finds that most of them are based on traditional mechanism and reductionism. Because these researches focus on single analysis level and view entrepreneurship as a static state or phenomenon, their findings and conclusions are hard to completely interpret the entrepreneur practices and present the real faces of entrepreneurship. For this reason, we advocate a new theoretical paradigm in entrepreneurial research-complexity science theory. Complexity theory origins from complexity science emerged in 1960-1980. It challenges the old paradigm which is based on equilibrium condition. Complexity theory provides a novel point of views to analysis the evolution process in non-linear dynamic system. Through exploring in order creation of non-linear dynamic system, social science researchers can use more extensive lens to pierce many phenomenon in human society. Hence, complexity theory develops a new page in history of entrepreneurial research. Entrepreneurship is viewed as a dynamic evolution in complexity theory. Thus researchers can take a holistic view to observe the meso-level interactions in entrepreneur practice, and their finds will press closer to real state to obtain more profound meanings and insights.

並列關鍵字

Entrepreneurship ； Complexity Theory ； Complexity Adaptive System (CAS)