漢代羌人的社會政治組織與族群認同

Socio-political Organization and Group Identity of the Qiang during the Han Dynasty

朱聖明(Sheng-Ming Zhu)

《歷史人類學學刊》 14卷1期 (2016/04) Pp. 1-37

摘要

兩漢時期，由於外在環境的差異，影響各羌落分散與聚合的因素各不相同，加上涵蓋所有羌人的決策機構尚未形成，大多數羌落在與漢朝的互動中均能自主地進行政治抉擇。受其影響，在漢代羌人中曾先後產生與同時存在過「部落」、「部落聯盟」、「國家政權」三種不同層次的社會政治組織。與之對應，羌人的族群認同亦呈現出層次性和多樣性。整體而言，漢代羌人無論是在政治組織社會結構還是族群認同上都與商周「羌人」極為類似。對漢代羌人生存狀態的考察，或許可為我們探討商周「羌人」群體的彼此差異及族屬問題，更好地理解商周秦漢「華夏」西緣複雜的人群生態和政治格局提供一種新的研究思路或解釋模式。

關鍵字

羌人 ； 羌落 ； 羌聯盟 ； 羌政權 ； 族群認同

並列摘要

The degree of cohesiveness and dispersal among the various Qiang groups in the Han dynasty varied. At that time no single political structure with decision-making authority over all of the Qiaog had emerged. Qiang groups therefore were generally able to make their own political choices about their interactions with Han. Three levels of socio- political organization developed successively and subsequently co-existed: tribal, tribal alliance, and state political authority. The sense of group identity of the Qiaog was correspondingly diverse and multi-level. In terms of political organization, social structure and ethnic identity. the situation of the Qiang in the Han period was similar to that during Shang and Zhou. Study of the modes of life of the Qiang in the Han period may help us better understand the differences with the Shang and Zhou period and the question of group identity. This will contribute to new research approaches and explanatory models for the complex ethnic ecology and political landscape in the western reaches of ＂Hua-Xia＂ in the Shang to Han period.

並列關鍵字

Qiang ； ethnic identity ； tribal alliance ； Han dynasty