李通玄の華嚴思想における初發菩提心の意義

Significance of the Initial Arousal of Bodhicitta in Li Tongxuan's Huayan Thought

伊藤眞(Makoto ITO)

《華嚴學報》 11期 (2019/03) Pp. 183-218

摘要

中國唐代に現在の山西省五台山付近に生きた李通玄居士は、法藏ら華嚴宗祖師たちの思想を研究した上で、獨自の華嚴思想を打ち立てた。その思想は、「理．體」的な側面としては「一卽一切．一切卽一」、「相卽相入」の圓融思想を根幹としながらも、『華嚴經』「入法界品」を重視し、主體的な意思と行動に基づく菩薩の具體的な歩みを強調したところに獨自性がある。その特色は「初發菩提心」に對する李通玄の考えにも看取できる。法藏が「信」の力を強調した圓融的な「信滿成佛」論を唱えたのに對し、李通玄は「信」を土台とした「初發菩提心」を重視し、「初住成佛」論を唱えた。李通玄は①「他佛所行之樣」を見倣い信解する十信位中の發心と「開廓心海、誓度衆生、無有限量」という初住位の發心を區別し、②初住位の「發心」以降も「習氣」を漸々に退治すべきだという現實の人間の姿に對する洞察を示し、③五位各位に「初發菩提心」があるとして常にそこへ立ち返ることを唱える。唐王朝が大きく揺れた時代を生きた李通玄の華嚴思想は、純粋な理念に留まらず、現實的な人間觀に裏打ちされた具體性を有し、混迷した時代を生きる現代人にも多くの示唆を与えてくれるだろう。

關鍵字

華嚴經 ； 李通玄 ； 法藏 ； 初發心 ； 菩提心 ； 成佛論

並列摘要

Li Tongxuan, a lay Huayan practitioner of Tang China, proposed a step-by-step progressive way of the Bodhisattva rooted in the initial arousal of bodhicitta (初發菩提心), giving his theory of practice a proactive, substantial tone. This paper compares Li's theory of bodhisattvahood with that of Fazang to illustrate the practical aspects of Li's ideas, as opposed to his more theoretical and ideal, albeit fundamental, ideas on ultimate Buddhahood based on the Huayan notion of the perfect -interfusion of one and everything (圓融思想). Through the examination of Li's ideas on the initial arousal of bodhicitta, three characteristics of Li's theory of bodhisattvahood will be brought into sharp relief: (1) Li distinguished between the arousal of bodhicitta at the Ten Faiths level (十信位) which is based on faith in the acts of past buddhas and that of the Ten Abodes level (十住位) which is more an act of solid will to develop one's bodhicitta and to proactively vow to make efforts to save all sentient beings; (2) Li emphasized the need to deal with one's latent habitual residues (習氣) despite the non-retrogressing force of the initial arousal of bodhicitta, revealing his realistic view of human existence so often burdened with faults and weaknesses; (3) Li set forth the idea that at each of the Five Levels of Practice one needs to engage in the arousal of bodhicitta anew (五種初發菩提心). These characteristics reveal Li Tongxuan's extensive practical approach to the theory of the bodhisattva's way, giving the modern man many valuable insights as we struggle to live each day actively and progressively in a world where we find global situations and values in constant shift.