北宋至南宋年間,宋、金交戰,宋朝出現主和與主戰兩派;前者以秦槍為主,後者則以文臣趙鼎、胡銓,以及武將韓世忠、張俊、岳飛等人為中心。屬於主戰派的張浚和看話禪的倡導人──大慧宗杲禪師,同為禪門臨濟宗楊岐派下祖師──圜悟克勤禪師的弟子,二人時有往來。張浚的同黨──張九成、李邴、呂本中等朝中大臣,也都是宗杲的「方外道友」或入室弟子。宗杲禪法的特色有三:簡單易行、不荒廢俗事、融合儒學,史稱「看話禪」。這和宗杲同一時代,親近主和派的曹洞宗高僧──天童正覺禪師,所推行的「默照禪」,形成強烈的對比。本文試圖透過這些主戰派巨匠和大慧宗杲之間的交往關係,以及宗杲和正覺二人之間的禪法差異,來探討看話禪的形成經過及其內涵。北宋.政和五年(1115),屬於女真族的阿骨打( 金太祖 )稱帝,國號金。北宋.宣和七年,亦即金.天會三年、遼.保大五年(1125),遼主天祚為金人所擄,遼亡。從此,宋朝頓失北方屏障,進入了爭戰連年、烽火不息的局面。北宋.靖康二年,亦即金.天會五年(1127),金兵擄宋.徽宗、欽宗二帝北去,史稱「靖康之禍」。隨即,康王趙構南渡即位,改元建炎,是為南宋高宗。建炎元年至紹興十一年(1127~1141)的十三、四年之間,宋、金一直處在且戰且和的不安定局面。因此,雙方朝廷都有和議的願望。然而,由於民族主義的激昂,南宋的大臣和民間之中,卻也出現了主戰的強烈聲音;其代表人物有︰文臣趙鼎(1085~1147)、 胡銓(1101~1180),以及武將韓世忠(1089~1151)、張俊(1068~1154)、岳飛(1103~1141)等人。心裡一直主張和議的高宗,於是利用秦檜(1090~1155),陸續解除了韓、張、岳三人的兵權,並且指控趙鼎、胡銓等文臣「朋黨」、「謗訕朝政」,乃至採取「右文」、「禁史」等文字獄的方式,排除異己,以達到和議的既定「國策」。在這一連串的政治變局當中,和秦檜敵對,主張對金用兵的張浚( 1097~1164 ),雖然不是最重要的人物,卻也是一位關鍵性的人物。他和看話禪的倡導人──大慧宗杲禪師( 1089~1163 ),同為禪門臨濟宗楊岐派下祖師──圜悟克勤禪師(1062~1135)的弟子。 因此,他和宗杲之間也時有往來。 他的同黨,例如侍郎張九成( 無垢居士,1092~1159 )、參政李邴(李漢老,1085~1146 )、中書舍人呂本中( 呂居仁,1084~1145 )等人,也都是宗杲的 「方外道友」或入室弟子。本文試圖透過這些主戰派巨匠和大慧宗杲之間的交往關係,探討看話禪的形成經過及其內涵。
When the ear broke out between the Sung and Jin Dynasties at the end of the Northern Sung, there appeared two groups of the doves and the hawks. The former was represented by Ch'in Kuei, and the latter by civil officials Chao Ting, Hu Chyuan and generals, Chang Chun, Yueh Fei. Chang Chun, one of the hawks, and Ch'an Master Ta Huei Tsung Kao, the founder of the Kan-hua Ch'an, were both disciples of Ch'an Master Yuan Wuh Keh Ch'in, who was patriarch of the Yang-chi branch of the Lin-chi, School. They kept close contacts. The high officials Chang Chiu-ch'eng, Li Biing, and Lu Been Jong are the comrades of Chang Chun and also friends or disciples of Tsung Kao. There are three special features of the Kan-hua Ch'an: easy to practice, engaging in secular affairs, and sycretizing with Confucianism. These features show sharp contrast with the "Mo-chau Ch'an" (Silently Contemplating Ch'an) advocated by Ch'an Master Tien Torng Jeng Jyue of the Tsaur Dong School, Who, on the other hand, kept close contacts with the doves. This article tries to investigate the formation and content of the Kan-hua Ch'an through the relation between the hawks and Ta Huei Tsung Kao, and the different ch'an teaching between Tsung Kao and Jeng Jyue.