佛教中國化過程之研究

佛教之所以能傳入中國，然後再將印度佛教中國化，有其內因與外緣︰其內因︰佛教傳入中國前，中國本土思想，正值極盛而衰之低潮期；而且，社會、政治紛亂不已；繼之，北方政權很少受到中原文化的熏陶，故想藉佛教以綏靖社會民心。其外緣︰漢代經營西域，佛教得以傳入中國內陸；唐代更設治西域，使中印通行，兩國傳法、求法人士往來不絕於途。由於內因、外緣具足，故中國之人文思想得與印度佛教之人文思想相應和；中國太公一系之道家、神仙思想應和了佛教之般若思想與宗教色彩；周公一系之儒家應和了佛教之慈悲博愛精神。此後中國佛教，無論是六家七宗、三論、天台、華嚴與禪宗，都是沿著此一路線發展下去的。只是方式、風格有所不同而已。本文就是專門探討佛教中國化之風格、方式之過程。

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並列摘要

There are an internal reason as well as an external cause that Buddhism could enter China and underwent the process of sinification. Internal reason: Before the advent of Buddhism there was a prefusion of thoughts in China but this was of a very low order. Moreover the Chinese society and the government were in a chaotic condition. Precisely, the ruling clique in North China was without any culture and they wanted to pacify the society and the mind of the people through Buddhism. External reason: As Han dynasty ran the administration of western region, the Buddhism could enter the interior part of China. In the T'ang period the China administration became firmly established in this region; this facilitated the communication between India and China and the flow of dharma from one country to another. The scholars travelled uninterruptedly in search of dharma. Because of these causes there was a mutual interaction between the culture and thoughts of these two countries. In China the theology of Taoism of Lao-tzu mixed with the prajna philosophy and religious thoughts of Buddhism. Moreover the Confucianism of Duke Chou mixed with the spirit of compassion and universal love of Buddhism. Later the Buddhist in China, such as six schools, seven sects, Tien-tai, Hwayeng Zen schools, etc., all of them developed in the same way, but the style and form of them were different. So this article mainly discusses the procedure by which Buddhism became Chinese in style and form.