柯林頓總統與美國1993年至2000年勞工法制之改革

President Clinton and the Reform of Labor Law in the United States, 1993-2000

焦興鎧(Cing-Kae Chiao)

《就業與勞動關係季刊》 2期 (2010/08) Pp. 2-35

https://doi.org/10.6674/TWELRQ.201008_(2).0001

摘要

本文之目的，是要對柯林頓總統八年任期內對美國勞工法制之各項改革措施，做一整體之回顧與檢視，並分析其成功或失敗之原因。除序言及結語外，全文共分為五個部分，在第一部分說明柯林頓總統正式執政前美國之勞動情勢及各界對其在這方面之期待。第二部分闡述他對該國集體勞資關係法制所從事之各項相關改革措施，包括對國家勞動關係委員會之重整、加強勞動者參與之各項作為，以及處理永久性罷工替代者之態度等。第三部分則是討論他對就業歧視、職業安全衛生、最低工資及兼顧家庭與工作生活等問題之各項改革措施。第四部分探討柯林頓總統對其他勞工問題所採取之相關作為，包括各類促進就業措施、社會福利體制之改革，以及推動國際勞動基準以保障勞動者基本人權之作法等。最後，本文將對柯林頓總統行政當局八年內各項勞動法制改革措施之成敗得失做一綜合評析，並探討其原因及後續之影響。

關鍵字

柯林頓總統 ； 柯林頓總統行政當局 ； 集體勞動法制之改革 ； 公益性勞動法制之改革 ； 國際勞動基準之建構

並列摘要

The purpose of this paper is to make an overall review and evaluation of various labor law reform programs undertaken during the Clinton administration (1993-2000) along with an analysis of the causes of its success and failure. In addition to introductory and concluding remarks, the contents of the paper are divided into five sections. Section One provides the context of the labor situation before the administration was sworn in and the expectations for Clinton's reforms. Section Two details the president's reform measures concerning the reorganization of the Nation al Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the promotion of the concept of worker participation, and the restraint on using permanent replacements during economic strikes. Section Three discusses his reform programs related to the issues of employment discrimination, occupational safety and health, minimum wages and parental leave s. Section Four delves into his other labor-related reforms, such as job creation and employment enhancement projects, improvements of social welfare system, and the promotion of international labor standards to safeguard workers' fundamental right s and general welfare globally. Finally, this paper makes a general observation about the reason s behind the success and failure of these reform programs, and their impacts on successive administrations.

並列關鍵字

President William J. Clinton ； Clinton Administration ； Reform of Labor-Management Relations Law ； Reform of Public-Interest Labor Law ； Establi shment of International Labor Standards