博物館觀眾學習成果與影響研究的發展與啟示

The Development and Implication of Research on Museum Visitor Learning Outcomes and Impact

王啟祥(Chi-Hsiang Wang)

《博物館學季刊》 22卷4期 (2008/10) Pp. 91-107

https://doi.org/10.6686/MuseQ.200810_22(4).0006

摘要

教育是當代博物館對於社會宣稱與極力扮演的主要角色與功能，因此，博物館之教育價值與功能的實踐程度如何，需要受到社會的檢驗，不應被忽視或視為理所當然的存在。博物館推出多少展示與教育活動、參與人數的多寡，其實並無法直接證明博物館的功能，觀眾的學習成果與影響才是博物館向社會展現其價值與功能的直接證據之一，在社會不斷要求博物館效能的時代，已逐漸成為博物館無可迴避的課題。過去，大部分關於博物館觀眾學習的研究並未直接探討觀眾的學習成果，而是間接的從觀眾參觀時與學習有關的行為，如操作、問答、討論、閱讀等，推論學習的發生。不過，近10年來，美國、英國、澳洲等國政府與企業對於博物館績效證明的要求越來越大，因此，博物館已逐漸正視觀眾學習成果與影響的研究。但國內方面，仍缺乏相關的討論與實證研究。為此，本文整理美國、英國、澳洲等國博物館觀眾學習成果研究的最新發展情況；評析國外博物館近年來關於觀眾學習成果研究的重要觀念與趨勢；並引介英國博物館界所發展的總體學習成果模式，提供國內博物館界參考，期能增進後續相關的研究與討論。

關鍵字

學習成果 ； 博物館學習 ； 觀眾研究

並列摘要

Museums claim to be informal learning settings. However, under an evidence-based policy, the role of museums and their place within society can no longer go unexamined. Museums are required to demonstrate accountability and social value, which has led to a demand for measuring the impact and outcome of museum-based learning. There is a vast amount of literature concerning who visits museums and why, as well as how people learn in museums. However, few studies have investigated the outcomes and long-term impact of museum-based learning. How the impact of museums is measured will become a major topic in the coming decade. This article discusses the development of, problems with, current situation of and trends in research on learning outcomes and impact among museums in Western countries. In addition, the Generic Learning Outcomes (GLOs) framework developed by The Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA) in Britain is introduced. It is hoped that the contents of this article will serve as a useful reference for museums in Taiwan and encourage further research and discussion on related topics.

並列關鍵字

learning outcome ； learning in museums ； visitor study

參考文獻

Anderson, D.(2003).Visitor's long-term memories of world expositions.Curator.46(4),401-420.

Commissioned paper by the National Research Council for Science Learning in Informal Environments Committee

Campbell, P. B.,Carson, R.(2005).(Explore it! Science Investigations in Out-of-school Programs: Final Evaluation Report).

Framework for Evaluating Impacts of Iinformal Science Education Projects

The impact of science and discovery centres: A review of worldwide studies