東周的教育及學術思想（四）－儒家教育思想之承傳與體系之完成－

Dealing with Confucius educational thoughts, basic resource used is always the Analects, but as Confucius taught his disciples with Six Arts, which were either reorganized or revised by him, his doctrine shcould be consistent with them. In the Analects, Confucius made many remarks about the Six Arts. Therefore, to understand Confucius educational thoughts, other sources such as the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, and Propriety ought to be included. Propriety is one of the classics entitled The Book of Rites. The Book of Rites appeared in Han Dynasty, about five hundred years after Confucius death. It was said the book had been supplemented by later unknown people. If the saying is true, such unknown people might be Confucius contemporaries. It could be considered came from Confucius with the above mentioned resources. Anyhow till then a system of educational thoughts of Confucius school of education is completed. Some major points can be drawn from them. A Theoratical Foundation of Education--Matephysics of education In tranditional Chinese philosophy, the origion of the universe is Tao or Tien-Tao, which is the principia of formation of all creatures. The formation is based upon a spirit of Honest. The proof of .it is the orderly phenomena: the sun-rise and sun-set, the full moon and the diminishing moon, the rotation of the four seasons in every year. The order is always as it is without exception. It is said in the beginning of the Doctrine of the Mean: ＂What Heaven (Tien)has conferred is called (human) Nature; to develop natural potentials is Tao; and to cultivate Tao is instruction.＂ Since Tien-Tao has a spirit of Honest, to teach man to be honest is the first principle of education, and to learn to be honest is one approach of Jen(man)-Tao. Next, as Tao created the universe in a harmony, it shows another spirit called Benevolence (rational love), which means to love properly. So another principlle of education or another approach of Jen-Tao is to love adequately. Education is founded on these two spirits: Honest and Benevolence. The Aim and Processes of Education In the beginning of the Great Learning, the aim of education is said to reach to perfect. Processes of perfection are, step by step: to understand thoughly about matters, to obtain knowledge, intending to be honest, to rectify the mind, to cultivate the body, to regulate the family, to administrate the nation, and finally, to unify the world. To fulfill such an aim is to teach people to be courteous. Propriety is the main teaching material. The centural point of courtsey, as it is said in the Book of Rites, is to respect every-one regardless of ones position or status. To behave courteously starts from the nearest relations, i.e., parents, siblings, spouse, co-workers, then extending to all men as frientds. This is the ethics of human relations. The Teacher and His Teaching A person qualified to be called a teacher is one who knows who to teach, who knows psychology of learning, who knows difficulties and disadvantages of learners. Otherwise he can only be called a teaching machine, not a teacher. In teaching, a teacher should, according to materials, start from the easiest and most simple. Teaching procedures are: preparation, grasping proper opportunity of learning, mutual refinement among learners. In teaching skills, the first step is to let the learner getting familar with the tools, then taking practices. As for evaluation of learning achievement, teacher's observations about students behaviors are very important. Educational processes from childhood to adulthood, theories of education and learning are completely in the above mentioned books, and a system of Confucius school of education is completed by Confucius followers.

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