In the past hundred years, the majority of Chinese scholars and political elites have assumed that state-religion relations in modern Chinese societies should be classified as, in both empirical and normative terms, if not "segregation of state and religion," then "politics as master, religion as servant." However, after re-examination of Western theories of state-religion relations and Chinese practices of state-relations, this paper argues that modern Chinese societies have experimented with three models of state-relation religions: separation of state and religion, segregation of state and religion, and code of conduct for state-religion relation. Each type of state-religion relation emerged in a particular temporal and spatial environment, as well as under different political conditions. Accordingly, their implications for the protections of and restrictions on religious freedoms are different. After first section, the introduction, the second section of this paper briefly discusses the application of separation of state and religion principles in Chinese societies. The third section briefly analyzes the application of segregation of state and religion principles in Chinese societies. The fourth section elaborates on the historical bases of codes of conduct for state-religion relations, as well as the Xi regime's implementations and substance of such codes. The fifth section concludes the analysis.
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