鄧小平在文革後期之政治手腕與決策智慧之研究

文革後期亂象頻起，周恩來的糾左措施讓毛澤東心生不滿，因文化大革命是毛澤東政權後期投注畢生政治資本的極左運動，毛認為「批判極左思潮」本質上是攻擊文革意識形態。「九一三事件」後，接班人選、文革信譽、國際形勢等問題，又加上周恩來病體纏身，政壇新人王洪文文化水準不高又欠缺治國能力，毛澤東失望之餘只好再次重用鄧小平，期許鄧小平在「永不翻案」的承諾下振興國計民生。此時，毛澤東試圖建立一個左、右兩邊勢均力敵的局勢，共為維繫「文革」成果奮鬥。唯鄧小平整頓步伐太快太急，最終勢必動搖文革根基，周恩來的驟然離世，加上1976年爆發的「四五運動」仍未能使毛澤東幡然醒悟，坦承文革的錯誤，卻是再度罷黜鄧小平，唯留鄧一線生機，以觀後效；然鄧小平的決策智慧，卻能有效應對新發展階段出現的各種困難風險挑戰，全面建設社會主義現代化國家，提供有益借鑒。筆者將綜合運用，期能從文革後期鄧小平與周恩來合作關係中，發掘出中共在當時的政治困境，鄧、周二人如何突破重圍支撐危局。從中看出鄧小平個人的政治手腕與決策智慧。

關鍵字

文化大革命；九一三事件；鄧小平；社會改革

並列摘要

There were frequent chaos in the later period of the Cultural Revolution, and Zhou Enlai's measures to correct the left were dissatisfied with Mao Zedong. Because the Cultural Revolution was an ultra-left movement in which Mao Zedong's regime invested a lifetime of political capital in the later period, Mao believed that ＂criticizing the ultra-left trend＂ was essentially an attack on the ideology of the Cultural Revolution. After the ＂September 13th Incident,＂ issues such as successor candidates, the credibility of the Cultural Revolution, and the international situation, coupled with Zhou Enlai's illness, the political newcomer Wang Hongwen's low cultural standard and lack of ability to govern the country, Mao Zedong was disappointed and had to reuse Deng Xiaoping again, expecting Deng Xiaoping to be Rejuvenate the national economy and people's livelihood under the promise of ＂Never reverse the case. At this time, Mao Zedong tried to establish a situation where both the left and the right were evenly matched, and together he was striving to maintain the results of the ＂Cultural Revolution.＂ However, Deng Xiaoping's rectification steps were too fast and too rapid, and he would eventually shake the foundation of the Cultural Revolution. Zhou Enlai's sudden death, coupled with the outbreak of the ＂Tiananmen Incident＂ in 1976, failed to awaken Mao Zedong, frankly confessing the mistakes of the Cultural Revolution. Deng is a ray of life and sees the aftereffects; however, Deng Xiaoping's decision-making wisdom can effectively deal with various difficulties and risks and challenges arising in the new development stage, and provide a useful reference for building a modern socialist country in an all-round way.