從儒者到從祀三皇－明代官方對朱震亨的定位

From A Confucian to A Physician: the Changing Zhu Zhenheng's Status during the Ming Period

范家偉(FAN, Ka-wai)

《新亞學報》 35卷 (2018/08) Pp. 155-202

https://doi.org/10.6743/NAJ.201808_35.0004

摘要

本文研究元代名醫朱震亨在明代的官方形象轉變過程。朱震亨被後世推舉為中國醫學史上的金元四大家之一，但在明代，宋濂作為朱震亨的忘年交，奉敕編纂《元史》時，將朱氏收入《元史．儒林傳》。直至明朝立國一百多年後，才在嘉靖年間獲從祀三皇於京師太醫院景惠殿。這一過程，既反映出中國醫學和儒學作為思想體系，本有其融合難分之處；也是因為朱震亨本人作為名醫，入明之後得弟子刊行其著作，鞏固其聲譽。此外，嘉靖廿一年明世宗因險遭宮女謀殺、得醫者許紳救護，從而擴建京師太醫院景惠殿，奉祀三皇，且以朱震亨從祀。可見朱震亨之以醫者而躋身儒林，復以醫者而從祀三皇，實為祀典制度、儒學史、醫學史、政治史等各種複雜脈絡交織之結果。

關鍵字

朱震亨 ； 元史 ； 三皇 ； 宋濂 ； 從祀

並列摘要

This paper explores the change of Zhu Zhenheng's status during the Ming period. Zhu Zhenheng was a Yuan physician. Famous for his medical knowledge, he was regarded as one of the four great physicians during the Jin and Yuan periods. Song Lian, a good friend of Zhu, included him in the biography of Confucians in Yuanshi. In 1542, the Jiajing Emperor built the Jinghui Temple and dedicated it to the Three Progenitors (Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi), where twenty-eight physicians before the Ming dynasty were placed for worship. Zhu was the last one among them, testament to the high regard that he enjoyed at that time as one of the most important physicians before Ming . This paper consists of three parts: first, it discusses why Song included Zhu in the biography of Confucians. Second, it explores the history of the worship of the Three Progenitors in the Ming dynasty, who were placed in the temple of the emperors of past dynasties and the Jinghui temple at the same time. Finally, it investigates Zhu's position as one of the most representative medical figures in the Ming dynasty in order to understand why Zhu was included in the Jinghui temple for worship. The case of Zhu Zhenheng shows the web of relationship between Confucian ceremony, history of Confucianism, medical history and political history.

並列關鍵字

Zhu Zhengheng ； Song Lian ； Three Progenitors ； Yuanshi ； worship