《滿文大藏經．維摩經》之繙譯考察及繙譯特色－以〈文殊師利問疾品〉、〈不思議品〉為中心

滿文本《維摩經》是傳統中國的最後一個譯本，由官方設立譯經機構（清字經館）繙譯而成。據目前所知，滿文本《維摩經》僅見於《滿文大藏經》，這部藏經是十八世紀乾隆年間奉敕譯編刻印的，名為《清文繙譯全藏經》，一般稱作《滿文大藏經》。此部藏經與《欽定四庫全書》正是乾隆皇帝生平最重視的兩件文化事業，可視為當時最具代表性的學術文化成果。本文首先介紹《滿文大藏經．維摩經》的著錄情形，並解讀全經內容的組成要項；其次考察滿譯本的繙譯記錄與原則，及其對應的漢譯本。進而可確認滿譯本的繙譯底本並非一般認為的鳩摩羅什漢譯本，而是來自清宮編譯的新漢譯本，收入於乾隆年間刊印的漢文大藏經（《乾隆藏》、《龍藏》），可稱作《龍藏》本。其次，以〈文殊師利問疾品〉、〈不思議品〉為主要取材，分析繙譯特色，可知滿文譯文流暢、淺白，符合滿洲語文本身的表達方式。最後，以清朝官方譯刊多語文佛典的角度，解釋《維摩經》從《龍藏》本到滿文本的政治文化意義。

關鍵字

滿文大藏經；清文繙譯全藏經；維摩經；乾隆

並列摘要

The Manchu version of Vimalakirtinirdesa is the last translation of the text in traditional China, a work conducted by the Manchu translation bureau of the Qing court (Qingzi jing guan). So far as we know, the Manchu version of the text exists only in the Manchu Buddhist Canon (Manwen Dazang Jing), a translation project ordered by the Qianlong Emperor and printed in the eighteenth century. It was called the Qingwen Fanyi Quanzang Jing (Manju i Ubaliyambuha Amba Kanjur Nomun), commonly known today as Manchu Buddhist Canon (Manwen Dazang Jing). Both the Manchu Canon and the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries (Qingding Siku Quanshu) are the most important pieces of cultural undertakings by the Qianlong emperor in his long reign; and they should be regarded as representative of the scholarly achievement of the time. This paper first introduces the main features and components of the Manchu version of the Vimalakirtinirdesa cataloged in the Manchu Buddhist Canon; it then discusses the records and principles of the translation as well as its Chinese language sources text. The result of this study reveals that the Chinese source text is not the authoritative translation by Kumarajiva as is commonly believed, but a new Chinese translation by the Qing court that was collected in the so-called Qianlong Tripitaka, or Longzang. The paper proceeds to compare Chapters 5 and 6 of the text in order to analyze the main characteristics of the translation. The language is fluent, easy to understand, and follows a native expression of the Manchu language. Finally, in view of the Qing Dynasty translation and publication of multilingual sutras, this paper discusses the meaning behind the translation of the Vimalakirtinirdesa from the Chinese version in the Longzang to the Manchu version for Qing political culture.