道綽、善導的懺悔觀－以末法觀念及念佛三昧為核心

中國南北朝時代，佛教界興起末法思潮，各宗派亦因末法思潮而有各自的懺悔觀，如智顗（538-597）、道宣（596-667）都對懺悔思想作出詮釋，並製有一套懺悔行儀。就淨土教學而言，亦因末法到來，而認為世間已成為五濁惡世且眾生根機浮淺暗鈍，因此須藉由懺悔及念佛，求生極樂世界，以了脫生死。在淨土教學的弘傳者當中，道綽（562-645）首將末法觀念結合懺悔思想而創立淨土門。善導（613-681？）受教於道綽，深受影響，故對懺悔思想亦極為重視，且有自己特色，提倡懺悔與滅罪、懺悔與稱名念佛、懺悔與念佛三昧等議題。善導證入念佛三昧之後拜謁道綽，並且入定為道綽觀看淨業，師徒二人在交際問學時，融和感通於「念佛三昧」及「懺悔」議題。道綽時常修持般舟三昧行法，以及方等三昧懺法；而善導撰有《觀念阿彌陀佛相海三昧功德法門》、《淨土法事讚》、《往生禮讚偈》及《般舟三昧往生讚》等有關懺悔罪業的行儀著作，並時常使用「懺悔」一詞，約有一百餘次。可見「懺悔」在道綽及善導的淨土教學裏，佔有極為重要的地位，而且懺悔與修觀、懺悔與稱名念佛，有密切關係，在他們二人心中，懺悔是修持的重要憑藉。

關鍵字

道綽；善導；懺悔；末法；念佛三昧

並列摘要

The trend for the concept of the end of dharma in China had its origins in the Southern and Northern dynasties. All schools had their own perspectives on repentance. Scholars such as Zhìyi (538-597) and Daoxuan (596-667) formulated a set of Buddhist rituals and practices for repentance based on meticulous doctrinal interpretation. As far as Pure Land teaching is concerned, due to the advent of the end of dharma, the world has become a terrible world with the ＂five defilements,＂ and sentient beings' spiritual inclinations have become insignificant. Therefore, only through repentance and Buddha recitation, can they take rebirth in the Pure Land of Amitabha Buddha to liberate themselves from suffering, birth, aging and death. Among the preachers of Pure Land teaching, Daochuo (562-645) was the first to integrate repentance and the concept of the end of dharma into his tenets. He is considered to have established the Pure Land School. His disciple, Shandao (613- 681?), was deeply influenced by his views, but Shandao had also developed his own tenets. Shandao advocated repentance and extinguishing one's sins, and verbally reciting Amitabha Buddha's name. Shandao also proselytized on the practice of the Samadhi in Buddha recitation. As Shandao reached a high level meditative concentration, he went to visit Daochuo. He went into a state of meditative concentration in order to see Daochuo's karma. Daochuo often practiced Banzhou sanmei xingfa (般舟三昧行法 practice of reaching meditative concentration) and Fangdeng sanmei chanfa (方等三昧懺法 a Samadhi repentance ritual), Shandao had written a number of publications on the topic of repentance such as Guannian Amituofo xianghai sanmei gongde famen (觀念阿彌陀佛相海三昧功德法門), Jingtu fashi zan (淨土法事讚), Wangsheng lizanji (往生禮讚偈) and Banzhou sanmei wangsheng zan (般舟三昧往生讚). In these works, Shandao used the term ＂repentance＂ more than one hundred times. Thus it can be concluded that repentance is an important concept in Pure Land teaching. And repentance has a close relation to meditation and verbal Buddha recitation. In the minds of Shandao and Daochuo, repentance is an essential part of meditation.