There is great wisdom in the construction techniques of Chinese traditional timber structures. The use of tenon and mortise for beam-column joints is an important feature that distinguishes the Chinese traditional timber structures from modern building structures. The rotational performance of this semi-rigid connection also plays an important role in the study on seismic performance of timber structures. The straight mortise-tenon joint is a common timber structure joint. In this paper, the mechanical principle of the straight mortise-tenon joint of the timber structure is analyzed from the two aspects of the friction characteristics of the wood and the embedment mechanism, and the M-θ theoretical relationship of the straight mortise-tenon joint in elastic stage is deduced. This work also prepares for the next step to study the seismic performance of timber structural systems.